• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.11-15
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• 1987

Thirty maxillary second premolars were fixed, decalcified, washed and embedded in celloidin to observe the root canal size and morphology at apical 5mm area. The results were as follows: 1. Single canaled teeth and two canaled teeth were approximately equal numbered. 2. Single canaled teeth have round canal but two canaled teeth have long, slender buccal canal and ovoid lingual canal. 3. The canal size of single canaled teeth was $380{\pm}30{\mu}m,\;340{\pm}22{\mu}m$, but that of buccal canal of two canaled teeth was $360{\pm}32{\mu}m,\;240{\pm}28{\mu}m$, lingual canal was $330{\pm}28{\mu}m,\;280{\pm}20{\mu}m$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.132-136
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• 2006

인삼에 있어 다경 및 잠아 발생형태가 원료삼 및 홍삼 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 지하부 특성 및 품질요인을 조사하였다. 단경개체는 1-3개의 잠아를 갖는 형태이고 2경개체는 2-3개 그리고 3경개체는 3개의 잠아를 갖는 형태이었다. 또한 단경개체는 62.9% 그리고 2경 이상의 다경개체는 37.1%의 분포를 나타냈다. 원료삼의 등급은 단경개체에 비하여 다경개체가 될 수록 저하하였고 단경개체와 다경개체 모두 잠아수가 많은 개체에서 등급이 낮았다. 경수에 따른 홍삼수율은 대체로 30% 내외로 단경이나 다경개체간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 본삼수율은 다경개체로 갈수록 감소하는 경향이었다. 홍삼 등급은 다경개체에 비해 단경개체가 양호하였으며 다경개체는 양삼과 잡삼이 많았다. 그리고 잠아수가 많을수록 홍삼등급은 저하하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.274-283
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• 1998

It has generally been accepted that quality of ginseng should be determined not by the content of a single component but by composition and balance of total active principles. However, there still can be an exception with a product in which a given ginsenoside is used for the treatment of a specific disease. Although ginsenosides have been regarded to be major active components of ginseng and employed as index components for the quality control, it does not consistent with the traditional concept on ginseng quality creterion; main root has been more highly appreciated than the lateral or fine root. Content of ginsenosides in the lateral or fine root is much higher than that in main root. However, the ratio of protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins existing in various part of ginseng root is greatly different. The ratio of PD/PT saponins in main root is well balanced but the thinner the root is the higher the ratio. Thus far, a total of 34 different kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from Korean (red) ginseng, and their pharmacological activities were elucidated partly. Interestingly, different ginsenoside shows similar or contrary effects to each other in biological systems, thus indicating the significance of absolute content of single ginsenoside as well as compositional patterns of each ginsenoside. Therefore, pharmacological activities of ginseng should be determined as a wholly concept. In these regards, standardization of ginseng material (fresh ginseng root) should be preceded to the standardization of ginseng products because ginsenoside content and non-saponin active principles such as polysaccharides and nitrogen (N)-containing compound including proteins are significantly different from part to part of the root. In other words, the main root contains less ginsenosides than other lateral or fine roots. Contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compound in main root is higher. However, the quality control of ginseng products focused on non-saponin compounds has limitation in applying to the analytical method, because of the difficult chemical analysis of these compounds. Content of ginsenosides, and ratios of PD/PT and ginsenoside Rb,/Rg, are inversely proportional to the diameter of ginseng root. Therefore, these can be served as the chemical parameters for the indirect method of evaluating from what part of the root does the material originate. Furthermore, contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compounds show inverse relationship to saponin content. Therefore, it seems that index for analytical chemistry of saponin can be applied to the indirect method of evaluating not only saponin but also non-saponin compounds of ginseng. From these viewpoints, it is strongly recommended that quality of ginseng or ginseng products be judged not only by the absolute content of given ginsenoside but also by varieties and compositional balance of ginsenosides, including contents of non-saponin active principles.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 2013

국내에 설치되어 있는 원예시설 중 가장 많은 면적을 차지하고 있는 단동비닐하우스의 기상재해로 인한 피해를 경감시킬 수 있는 모델 개발에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 재배작물별로 대표적인 온실규격를 선정하여 안전풍속과 적설심을 구한 후 재현기간 8년에 해당하는 지역의 설계풍속 및 적설심과 비교하여 온실의 구조 안전성을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 재배작물별 대표온실에 단위풍하중을 적용한 결과, 최대 단면력은 과채류, 근채류, 엽채류 온실 순으로 크게 나타났으며 재배작물별 서까래 간격을 고려한 안전풍속은 엽채류 온실이 17.7 m/s, 과채류 온실이 20.2 m/s, 근채류 온실이 22.3 m/s로 나타나 지역별 8년 빈도의 설계풍하중과 비교하였을 때 홍천, 이천, 성주지역을 제외하고는 대부분의 지역에 있어서 불안전한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 재배작물별 대표온실에 단위 적설하중을 적용한 결과, 근채류 온실의 최대 단면력이 가장 크게 나타났으나 재배작물별 서까래 간격을 고려한 안전적설심은 엽채류 온실이 8.8 cm, 과채류 온실이 9.4 cm, 근채류 온실이 11.8 cm인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 지역별 8년 빈도의 적설하중과 비교하였을 때 경남지역 일부를 제외하고는 대부분의 지역에 있어서 불안전한 것으로 분석되었다. 3. 재배작물별 대표 온실의 안전풍속과 적설심에 대하여 구조물에 발생하는 최대 인발력은 12.7~15.1 kgf/개소, 최대 연직하중은 20.6~21.7 kgf/개소로 나타나 기초는 안전한 것으로 분석되었으나 안전풍속과 안전적설심이 매우 작기 때문에 폭설이나 강풍에 대비한 보강이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 재배작물별 대표온실의 안전풍속과 적설심을 증가시키기 위해서는 서까래 간격을 감소시키거나 부재의 단면 치수를 증가시키는 등의 보강대책이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2024

This study aimed to compare color matching between single-shade composite resin-restored teeth with various pulp capping materials and the dentin surrounding the restoration through instrumental analysis and visual evaluation of the color difference. Fifty maxillary right central incisor acrylic resin teeth were prepared with standardized Class III cavities on the proximal surfaces. These teeth were divided into five groups: restored with single-shade composite resin only; Ultra-Blend^TM plus followed by single-shade composite resin; TheraCal PT^TM followed by single-shade composite resin; Endocem^® MTA premixed followed by single-shade composite resin; and Well-root PT^TM followed by single-shade composite resin. The color difference (ΔE_ab^*) between the restored area and the center of the resin teeth was measured using a spectrophotometer. No significant color difference was observed in groups restored with only single-shade composite resin, Ultra-Blend^TM plus, and TheraCal PT^TM. The visual evaluation revealed that Ultra-Blend^TM plus exhibited the best color matching score, whereas the Endocem^® MTA premixed and Well-root PT^TM groups showed significantly lower color matching scores than the single-shade composite resin-only group. When opting for single-shade composite resin usage for anterior tooth restorations with the aim of reducing chair time, pulp capping materials Ultra-Blend^TM plus and TheraCal PT^TM provide esthetically pleasing results.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

Materials and methods: Sixty extracted premolars were assigned to three groups according to the root canal system (Weine's classification; type I, II and III) of 20 teeth each using radiographic examination. The root tip was cut horizontally 1 mm from the anatomical apex and the apical cross-section was visualized using microscope at x50 magnification and photographed. Minimum and maximum apical root canal diameter of each tooth was measured and classified into three types by canal morphology (round, oval and flattened shape). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the apical root canal diameter and morphology according to the root canal system. Results: In apical root canal morphology at cross-sectional view, the most common shape was round in type I, flat in type II, and oval in type III. In apical root canal diameters at cross-sectional view, there was a significant difference between the minimum and maximum diameter in all types (p<0.05). The maximum diameter was 0.331 mm in type I, 0.519 mm in type II, and 0.310 mm in type III. There was a significant difference among type I, III and type II (p<0.05). Conclusion: The morphology and diameter of apical root canal was different according to the root canal system. Therefore, clinicians should consider the apical file size in view of the apical root canal shape according to the root canal system.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.753-756
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• 1977

Eighty-two maxillary canine were injected with china ink, decalcified, cleared and used in a study, in vitro, to determine the number of root canals, the frequency and location of lateral canals, the location of apical foramens, and the curvature of root canals. The results were as follows; 1.All of the maxillary canines showed the single canals. 2. Of the 82 canals studied, 20.7% of the canals were found to have lateral canals and most ramification of them were located in the apical third of the root. 3. In the case of the curvature, the mesial curvature of the canals (40.3%) usually showed more than the distal curvature of them (13.4%) 4. 41.2% of the apical foramen were located directly on the root apex and 58.5% of them laterally.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제16권12호통권115호
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• pp.929-933
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• 1978

Sixty six mandibular incisor were injected with China ink, decalcified, cleared and used to study the number of root canals, the frequency and location of lateral canals, the location of apical foramens, the frequency of apical deltas, and the curvature of root canals. The results were as follows: 1. Most of the teeth demonstrated single canal, but 19.7% of the teeth were found to have bifurcated canals. 2. 12% of the teeth were found to have lateral canals and these ramifications were located in the apical third of the root. 3. 25 apical foramens were located directly on the root apex and 41 foramens laterally. 4. 43 canals showed straight, 7 canals distal curvature, 7 labial curvature, 3 mesial curvature.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.121-125
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• 1983

Thirty eight mandibular second premolars were injected with china ink, decalcified, cleared and used in an in vitro study to determine the number of root canals, the frequency and location of lateral canals, the location of apical foramens, the frequency of apical deltas, and the curvature of root canals. The results were as follows: 1. Most of the teeth demonstrated single canal, but 5.3% of the teeth were found to have bifurcated or trifurcated canals. 2. Of the 40 canals studied, 52.5% of the canals were found to have lateral canals and these ramifications were usually located in the apical third of the root. 3. 7 apical foramens were located directly on the root apex and 31 foramens laterally. 4. 4 canals showed mesial curvature, 20 canals distal curvature, 11 canals buccal curvature, and 8 canals lingual curvature.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제21권6호통권169호
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• pp.467-472
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• 1983

Thirty seven human maxillary third mooars were injected with china ink, decalcified, cleared, and used in vitro study to determine the number of root canals the frequency and location of lateral canals, canals per root, and frequency of apical deltas. The results were as follows: 1. Less than half of the examined teeth showed 3 roots and 3 canals. 2. The mesiobuccal root was ound to contain a single primary canal in 65.4% of the teeth examined and two canals in 34.6% of the teeth studed. 3. In mesiobuccal roots with two canals, the separated apical foramen appeared 30.8% of the specimen concerned, but no common apical foramen appeared. 4. Of the 106 canals studied, 46.2% of the canals were found to contain lateral canals and these ramifications were mainly located in the apical third of the root.