• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

Mathematically simplified reaction scheme that simulates autoignitions of the end gases in spark ignition engines has been studied computationally. The five equation model is described, to predict the essential features of hydrocarbon oxidation. This scheme has been calibrated against autoignition delay times measured in rapid compression machines. The rate constants, activation temperatures, Ta, Arrhenius preexponential constants, A, and heats of reaction for stoichiometric n-heptane/air, iso-octane/air, and their mixtures have all been optimised. The optimisation has been guided by Morley's correlation of the ratio of chain branching to linear termination rates with octane number. Comparisons between computed and experimental autoignition delay times have validated the Present simplified reaction scheme and the influences of octane number upon autoignition delay times have been computationally investigated. It has been found that both cool flame and high temperature direct reactions can have an effect on autoignition delay times.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2010

With the emergence of ultra-high strength of concrete, the compression lap splice has become an important area of interest. According to ACI 318-08, a compression splice can be longer than a tension splice when high-strength concrete is used. By reevaluating the test results of compression splices and performing regression analysis, a simplified design equation for splice length in compression was developed based on the basic form of design equations for development/splice lengths of deformed bars and hooks in tension. A simple linear relation between $l_s/d_b$ and $f_{sc}\sqrt{f'_c}$ was assumed, and yields good values for the correlation coefficient and the mean and the COV (coefficient of variation) of the ratios of tests to predictions of splice strengths in compression. By including the 5% fractile coefficient of 0.83, a design equation for splice length in compression was developed. The splice length calculated using the proposed equation has a reliability that is equivalent to other provisions for reinforcing bars.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2000

Drop size distribution of an air-assisted fuel injector(AAFI) was investigated. Influence of parameters such as ambient air density supply pressure and air-liquid mass ratio(ALR) was examined through both measurement and analysis. The Sauter mean diameter$D_{32}$ varied from 9 to 25$\mu$m throughout all experimental conditions. An empirical correlation for droplet size was obtained. Analytical correlations for predicting $D_{32}$ with respect to operating conditions were also derived through energy consideration and introduction of a simplified model of the from the empirical fitting was adapted to the original equation the proposed correlation in this study matched more closely with measured results. The current correlation exhibited a favorable study matched more closely with measured results. The current correlation exhibited a favorable prediction for $D_{32}$ compared to that by the empirical correlation at selected experimental conditions so that it may be used to predict atomization performance of the AAFI at operating conditions which was not covered in the measurements. After validation the analytical equation was applied to survey the feasible operating conditions for gasoline direct injection application.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2003

한반도 서, 남해안 해성점토에 대하여 초기간극비와 자연함수비 및 액성한계의 물리적 특성과 압축지수와의 상관성을 규명하기 위해 비교적 신뢰성이 크다고 볼 수 있는 대형 항만 공사용 최근자료를 분석하였다. 시료교란의 정도를 분석하기 위하여 각 표본별 실내압밀시험을 실시하고 Schmertmann이 제안한 방법으로 보정하여 수정압축지수를 산정하였다. 또한 이들 자료를 토대로 실내압밀시험으로부터 얻어진 압축지수를 경험적 방법에 의하여 보정한 후 현장 처녀압축곡선과의 관계를 분석하고, 단순회귀분석, 다중회귀분석 및 비선형 회귀분석을 실시하여 최적의 회귀모델을 구한 후 해성점토에 적용할 수 있는 토질특성과 시료교란의 영향을 고려한 압축지수와의 상관 관계식을 제안하였다. 분석 결과, 시료교란의 영향을 경험적 방법으로 평가해 본 결과 현장 압축지수는 실험실 압축지수의 1.16배정도 크게 평가되었다. 해성점토의 물리적 특성과 압축지수의 상관성에 대한 최적의 회귀모형은 토질정수의 누승식 또는 지수승식 형태의 비선형회귀식이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 설계 및 실무에 보다 쉽게 적용할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 선형관계식을 사용하는 경우에는 압축지수의 상관식을 물성치의 구간에 따라 구분하여 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2000

발파소음을 계측하여 예측방법의 타당성을 검토하였고, 환경규제 기준으로의 변환방식을 규명하였다. 환산거리에 따른 발파소음의 예측은 환산거리와 음압레벨의 상관성이 더 좋았으나, 상관계수가 낮아서 환산거리 설계 의한 발파소음의 조절은 어려움이 있었다. 발파시 동시에 측정된 음압레벨과 소음레벨의 상관식에 의한 변환과, 음압레벨의 우세주파수에 해당하는 청감보정회로의 보정치만큼 간이 보정하여 변환하는 방법과, 퓨리에 변환을 하여 청감보정한 후 소음레벨을 구하는 방법을 시도하였다. 세 가지 방법 모두 변환하는 데에는 많은 오차가 발생하였으나 우세주파수, FFT를 이용한 변환보다는 발파시 동시에 측정된 음압레벨과 소음레벨의 상관식에 의한 변환 방법이 가장 실용적인 방법이었다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2012

Purpose: Hypovolemic shock is the leading cause of death in multiple trauma patients with pelvic bone fracures. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple prediction method for injury severity and amount of hemorrhage via an analysis of the correlation between the site of pelvic bone fracture and the amount of transfusion and to verify the usefulness of the such a simple scoring system. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the medical records and radiologic examination of 102 patients who had been diagnosed as having a pelvic bone fracture and who had visited the Emergency Department between January 2007 and December 2011. Fracture sites in the pelvis were confirmed and re-classified anatomically as pubis, ilium or sacrum. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the amount of transfusion, and a simplified scoring system was developed. The predictive value of the amount of transfusion for the scoring system as verified by using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC). The area under the curve of the ROC was compared with the injury severity score (ISS). Results: From among the 102 patients, 97 patients (M:F=68:29, mean $age=46.7{\pm}16.6years$) were enrolled for analysis. The average ISS of the patients was $16.2{\pm}7.9$, and the average amount of packed RBC transfusion for 24 hr was $3.9{\pm}4.6units$. The regression equation resulting from the multiple linear regression analysis was 'packed RBC units=1.40${\times}$(sacrum fracture)+1.72${\times}$(pubis fracture)+1.67${\times}$(ilium fracture)+0.36' and was found to be suitable (p=0.005). We simplified the regression equation to 'Pelvic Bleeding Score=sacrum+pubis+ilium.' Each fractured site was scored as 0(no fracture) point, 1(right or left) point, or 2(both) points. Sacrum had only 0 or 1 point. The score ranged from 0 to 5. The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC was 0.718 (95% CI: 0.588-0.848, p=0.009). For an upper Pelvis Bleeding Score of 3 points, the sensitivity of the prediction for a massive transfusion was 71.4%, and the specificity was 69.9%. Conclusion: We developed a simplified scoring system for the anatomical fracture sites in the pelvis to predict the requirement for a transfusion (Pelvis Bleeding Score (PBS)). The PBS, compared with the ISS, is considered a useful predictor of the need for a transfusion during initial management.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2020

The dynamic coupling between shaker and test-article has been investigated by recent research through the so called Virtual Shaker Testing (VST) approach. Basically a VST model includes the mathematical models of the test-item, of the shaker body, of the seismic mass and the facility vibration control algorithm. The subsequent coupled dynamic simulation even if more complex than the classical hard-mounted sine test-prediction, is a closer representation of the reality and is expected to be more accurate. One of the most remarkable benefits of VST is the accurate quantification of the frequency down-shift (with respect to the hard-mounted value), typically affecting the first lateral resonance of heavy test-items, like medium or large size Spacecraft (S/Cs), once mounted on the shaker. In this work, starting from previous successful VST experiences, the parameters having impact on the frequency shift are identified and discussed one by one. A simplified analytical system is thus defined to propose an efficient and effective way of calculating the lower bound frequency shift through a simple equation. Such equation can be useful to correct the S/C lateral natural frequency measured during the test, in order to remove the contribution attributable to the shaker in use. The so-corrected frequency value becomes relevant when verifying the compliance of the S/C w.r.t. the frequency requirement from the Launcher Authority. Moreover, it allows to perform a consistent post-test correlation of the first lateral natural frequency of S/C FE model.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2018

비파괴 시험 중 선 매입 인발시험법은 아마도 현장의 콘크리트 압축강도를 평가하기 위해 널리 사용되는 기술이라고 할 수 있다. 인발시험은 콘크리트 타설 전에 특별히 계획된 형태의 철재 봉을 설치하여 콘크리트가 굳은 다음 그 봉을 인발하여 그때의 하중을 측정하여 콘크리트 강도를 평가하는 방법으로 미국과 캐나다에서는 콘크리트 구조물 공사중에 콘크리트 강도를 결정하는 신뢰할 만한 시험법으로 각각 ASTM C 900과 CSA A23.2에 규격화 되어 있다. 직경 12mm볼트에 홈이 파인 파단형 인발 볼트와 인발너트, 그리고 로드셀이 필요 없는 오일유압펌프로 구성된 간이인발시험법을 초고강도 콘크리트 강도를 추정하기 위하여 제안되었다. 인발시험과 간이인발시험의 이점을 검증하기 위하여, 80MPa 및 100MPa 급 두 가지 유형의 콘크리트로 제작된 4개의 시험벽체와 2개의 슬래브를 대상으로 로드셀을 장착한 간이인발시험을 사용하여 인발시험을 실시하였다. 인발하중과 콘크리트 압축강도, 파단형 인발볼트의 파단 여부를 재령 7일까지는 매일, 그리고 14일, 21일, 28일, 90일에 측정하였다. 인발하중과 콘크리트 압축강도의 상관곡선은 매우 높은 신뢰도를 보여주었으며, 따라서 인발시험이 현장에서 구조물의 초고강도 콘크리트 강도를 평가할 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 파단형 인발볼트 직경과 콘크리트 강도와의 관계식으로 y=0.0184+5.4(x=콘크리트 압축강도(MPa), y=파단형 인발볼트 직경(mm))를 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과로 간이인발시험은 유용하며 저비용, 간편성 및 편의성에 대한 가능성이 검증되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2007

The delivery load data obtained from Nakdong river basin are used for developing the model estimating the daily delivery load on the main side streams of Nakdong River. The developed model assesses the daily contamination loads of the main thirteen side streams that contribute to the main stream of Nakdong river. It is developed that the model using the simplified equation that can estimate the daily delivery loads on the side main streams of Nakdong river for a period of having no data of the water quality and flow. The developed model for estimating the daily delivery loads from the main side streams in Nakdong river basin on each item such as BOD, TN, and TP is expressed as Daily delivery load ($\frac{kg}{day}$) = Production load $(\frac{kg}{day}){\times}(1-{\alpha}){\times}(\frac{daily\;runoff}{average\;runoff\;per\;year}){\gamma}$. The estimated values obtained by using the model are almost fit to the calculated values (real data) that have been acquired from the thirteen main side streams in Nakdong river basin. The correlation coefficient values, R, that indicate the correlation between the estimated and the calculated show over 0.7 that mean the estimated values from the used model are adapted to the real data except TN values of Nam-river, Hwang-river, Gam-river, We-river. Especially, the correlation of TP values between the estimated and the calculated implies quite a creditable data to use.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.174-181
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• 2018

For a mobile robot that travels along a terrain consisting of various geology, information on tire force and friction coefficient between ground and wheel is an important factor. In order to estimate the lateral force between ground and wheel, a lot of information about the model and the surrounding environment of the vehicle is required in conventional method. Therefore, in this paper, we are going to estimate lateral force through simple model (Minimal Argument Lateral Slip Curve, MALSC) using only minimum data with high estimation accuracy and to improve estimation reliability of the friction coefficient by using the estimated lateral force data. Simulation is carried out to analyze the correlation between the longitudinal and transverse friction coefficients and slip angles to design the simplified lateral force estimation model by analysing simulation data and to apply it to the actual field environment. In order to verify the validity of the equation, estimation results are compared with the conventional method through simulation. Also, the results of the lateral force and friction coefficient estimation are compared from both the conventional method and the proposed model through the actual robot running experiments.