• MALSORI
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• no.57
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• pp.123-137
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• 2006

This paper aims to propose a method of detecting irregular pronunciations for Korean POI data adopting the notion of the Prosodic Word based on the Prosodic Phonology (Selkirk 1984, Nespor and Vogel 1986) and Intonational Phonology (Jun 1996). In order to show the performance of the proposed method, the detection experiment was conducted on the 250,000 POI data. When all the data were trained, 99.99% of the exceptional prosodic words were detected, which shows the stability of the system. The results show that similar ratio of exceptional prosodic words (22.4% on average) were detected on each stage where a certain amount of the training data were added. Being intended to be an example of an interdisciplinary study of linguistics and computer science, this study will, on the one hand, provide an understanding of Korean language from the phonological point of view, and, on the other hand, enable a systematic development of a multiple pronunciation lexicon for Korean TTS or ASR systems of high performance.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-39
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• 2008

The present study was conducted to provide Korean word association lists for adults and children which are needed in research area of false memory. Associated words, asso[iation strength, and the proportion of cue set size to the total number of associated words produced through the discrete association technique were compared between the two groups. The data showed that associated words with high strength wert same or similar but associated words with lower strength were various in the two groups. The result that adults produced larger proportion of cue set size than children suggests that adults have more typical and more convergent semantic network than children. The present data will be served as a database useful for the studies to investigate cognitive functions in memory and other related area.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.65-75
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• 2019

Purpose - Vietnamese customers have a crowd psychology when choosing and buying cars, they believe the advice and comments of those who have used the product. This paper aims to explore how factors in the relation between employees and customers affect to the customer's positive word of mouth (WOM) through customer satisfaction. Research design, data, and methodology - A survey was conducted with 250 customers. This research focus on six factors: (1) familiarity, (2) care, (3) personal connection, (4) employee competence, (5) customer satisfaction, (6) positive WOM. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Model (SEM), this research determined the impact of relation between eployees and customers to the customer satisfaction in order to have the positive WOM to another customers. Results - This result shows that 3 factors: care, personal connection and service quality, have positive effects to customer satisfaction. Moreover, the similar relationship is found between customer satisfaction and positive WOM. The familiarity is not significant in this research. Conclusions - The research results indicate that positive WOM has an important impact of market development for automobile business enterprises in Vietnam. Therefore, administrators should have appropriate strategies to encourage positive WOM to customers.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.199-199
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• 2000

Korean stops are 3 system: aspirated, fortis, lenis, whereas English stops are 2 system: voiced, voiceless. Because in Korean, lenis stop is realized by slight aspirated voiceless stop, it is likely to produce English word initial voiced stop as voiceless stop. We divide subjects into three group-native, experienced, unexperienced- and investigate differences between group. VOT of experienced group IS same as native group, but VOT of unexperienced group is longer than native group. VOt of unexperienced group is 1.8 times than native group. We survey whether the height of following vowel influences VOT of initial stop. As a result, for all group, VOT followed by low vowel is shorter than VOT followed by high vowel. But this tendency is more salient in unexperienced group. For high vowel, VOT of unexperienced group is 2.05 times than native group, whereas for low vowel, it is just 1.55 times. The unexperienced pronounce well English word initial voiced stop followed by low vowel than high vowel. Samples are divided into two group according to type of coda consonant- nasal and voiceless stop. But average of VOT is similar and there is no significant difference between two groups. There is no influence by type of coda consonant. The average of phrases is compared to the average of isolated words. In the case of natives and experienced, there is no significant differences between phrases and words, but in the case of unexperienced, VOT of phrases becomes shorter than words. But VOT of unexperienced is still longer than native group.

• MALSORI
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• no.35_36
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• pp.1-12
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• 1998

This study aims to investigate the prosodic characteristics of Korean discourse sentences, especially focusing the initial and final part of a sentence. 50 disourse sentences were read in two different styles; one, sentence by sentence, the other, continuous of all 50's. First, we tried to get two kinds of ratios from the acoustic results: first, ratio of the final syllable to the initial syllable in first word in a sentence; second, ratio of the final syllable to the initial syllable in last word in a sentence. We, then, calculated statistical values of the ratios including mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and p-values in t-test. With respect to duration, there were little difference between two different styles. If any, we could see tiny unharmonious durational aspect in the initial of continuous reading. More concisely, there could be observed some deviation from standard. In case of F0, there was prominent statistical difference between ratios of last words in two styles. This difference might play a role as a prosodic feature. Energy seems to show similar pattern with that of F0. The results showed that final syllable in last word was pronounced with about 85 % of initial syllable in the same context and the last words in continuous speech were strongly articulated compared with those of sentence by sentence reading.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.6-11
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify and to trace the source of origins of 麻帝核試 that appears in Kei Rim Yu Sa(鷄林類事). Comparative liguistic analytical approaches ware employed for this study. Results of this study revealed that madi(마디) survives as a dialect for m ∂ri[머리(頭)] in Kyung Sang Province Thus, it si considered that the dialect madi(마디) is a survival of 마디(麻帝) of Koryo. Similar words to 核試 of Koryo were found in Hebrew and Japanese : Heb. k-u-tsi(zi) means locks of hair and Japanese ku-shi(くシ) has several meanings : comb, head, and the hair of the head. The word 麻帝核試 of Koryo is a compound ward of madi(麻帝), head and k ∂ shi(그시) 核試 locks of hair(hair of the head). 核試 of Koryo , Jao. ku shi(くシ), and Heb. k-u-tsi(zi) showed close relationships to one another. The word ku shi(si) 그시 核試 was derived from Heb. k-u-tsi(zi) and Jap. ku shi(くシ) was originated from 核試 of Koryo. Kor. ku shi(si) 그시 核試 is a transliteration of Heb. k-u-tsi(zi) and Jap. ku shi(くシ) is a trans-literation of Kor. ku shi 그시 核試.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-5
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• 1997

This study is concerned with the bai su(背戍) of Koryo period which recorded in Kei Rim Yu Sa(鷄林類事). Results of this research can be summarized as follows : The record of Bai Su(背戍) in Kei Rim Yu Sa(鷄林類事) was correct. It was not a mistake in writing. Thus, this word(背戍) was used by the people of Koryo. The 背戍 of Koryo was related to Aramaic patash and Japanese byets or bats, バツ. It was found that 背戍 of Koryo was very similar to Aramaic patash, legging. It indicates that 背戍 was derived from Aramaic and it was a transliteration of patash. Thus, 背戍 was a borrowed word from Aramaic. Also it was found that 背戍 of Koryo and Japanese byets(ぺツ) or bats(バツ) showed a very close affininty with each other in phonetic value. These words had the same meanings of 襪 one another. It reveals that 背戍 of Koryo and Japanese byets of bats has the same origins. Japanese byets or bats were transliterations of 背戍 of Koryo and they were borrowed words from 背戍 of Koryo.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.23-36
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• 2004

Many languages show reverse durational variation between preceding vowel and following voiced/voiceless (lax/tense) consonants. This study investigated the likely effects of phoneme type (tense vs. lax) on the timing structure (duration of syllable, word, phrase and sentence) of Korean. Three rates of speech (fast, normal, slow) applied to stimuli with the target word /a-Ca/ where /C/ is one of /p, p', $p^h$/. The type (tense/lax) of /C/ caused marked inverse durational variations in the two syllables /a/ and /Ca/ and highly different durational ratios between them. Words with /p', $p^h$/ were significantly longer than that with /p/, which contrasts with many other languages where such pairs of words have a similar duration. The differentials between words remained up to the phrase and sentence level, but in general the higher linguistic units did not statistically differ within each level. Thus, the phrase is suggested as a compensatory unit of phoneme type effects in Korean. Different rates did not affect the general tendency. Distribution of time variations (from normal to fast and slow) to each syllable (/a/ and /Ca/) was also observed.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2001

The pronunciation of English l and r was a consistent problem in learning English in Korea as well as Japan. This problem occurs from the fact that in Korea and Japan there is only one liquid sound. Substituting the Korean liquid for English l and r was a common error. The pronunciation of the dark l causes a further problem in pronouncing the English l sound. To see the relationship between the English l, r, and the Korean liquid sound, an electropalatographic (EPG) experiment was done. The findings were (1) there were no tongue contacts either on the alveolar ridge or on the palate during the articulation of the dark l. (2) The Korean liquid sound was different in the tongue contact points either from English l or r. The English clear l consistently touched the alveolar ridge in the forty tokens, but the Korean liquid sound in the intervocalic and word-final position touched mainly the alveopalatal area. The English r touched exclusively the velum area. The Korean intervocalic /l/ was similar to English flap in EPG and spectrographic data. There was evidence that the word-final Korean /l/ is a lateral.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.37
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• pp.383-400
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• 2014

Synonym means that the conceptual meaning of the word is the same or similar while other meanings or function of language difference may exist. That is two or more identified names correspond with one sense and have the words with minor difference. Words with synonym relation are a set of same meaning but conceptual area or emotional color, language function can be identified. Therefore, the core research of synonym is the difference analysis and in general difference analysis is progress in the three aspects of Meaning, Pragmatic, and Semantic. However, the difference analysis is the most important. In this paper, the set of meaning item of synonym word 'Attack' is 'zheng', 'fa', 'tao', 'qin', 'xi'. We compare the meaning of five verbs and analyze the difference and characteristics.