• Acta Via Serica
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-108
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• 2017

This paper details the advance of the "Hui" (回) people to Korea and their socioeconomic activities in forming their own community during the late Goryeo and early Joseon period. Hui (回) or Hui Hui (回回) is generally recognized as representative of Muslim culture in Chinese and Korean sources. From the $8^{th}$ century, Korean-Muslim cultural relations accelerated as an outcome of ancient Chinese-West Asian commercial transactions along the Silk Road. These contacts between Muslims and Koreans on the Korean peninsula are borne out by references to Korea found in 23 Islamic sources written between the $9^{th}$ and $16^{th}$ centuries by 18 Muslim scholars, including Ibn Khurdadbih, Sulaiman al-Tajir, and Mas'ud1 i. Ibn Khurdadbih was the first Arab who wrote of Muslims' residence in the Unified Silla Kingdom (661-935CE). However, in the period of Silla, we could not find any reliable written documents in Korea to show encounters between Korea and the Muslim world. In the Goryeosa (GS) chronicle, Muslim merchants who came to Korea were described as "Daesik" (大食: Tashi). Daesik (Tashi) is most probably derived from "Tajir", which means "trader" in Muslim language. Muslims' mass influx and their wide ranging influence on Korean society manifested from the late $13^{th}$ century when the Goryeo Dynasty first came under Mongol control and afterward in the early $15^{th}$ century with the new dynasty of Joseon in Korea.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.474-480
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• 2011

고구려, 백제, 신라 왕조실록에 등장하는 인물 네트워크는 다른 사회 네트워크와는 달리 척도 없는 네트워크 (scale-free network)의 특성이 아닌 정보의 보급, 인터넷 연쇄 편지, 청원 편지 등에서 보여주는 유포 네트워크 (dissemination network) 의 특성을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 이들 세 왕조를 통합한 삼국왕조실록은 사회 네트워크와 마찬가지로 척도 없는 네트워크의 전형적인 특성을 보여주고 있었다. 일반적으로 생명체 네트워크는 척도 없는 네트워크와 계층적 네트워크 (hierarchical network)의 특성을 동시에 가지는데, 삼국왕조실록도 척도 없는 네트워크뿐만 아니라 계층적 네트워크의 특성을 동시에 보여주고 있었다. 네트워크를 기반으로 각 국가의 영토 변화 양상을 분석하였는데, 고구려나 백제와는 달리 신라만의 독특한 양상을 가지는데, 이 양상이 삼국 통일을 이루는 근간을 만든 것으로 분석하였다. 고구려, 백제, 신라의 전반적인 나라 경영, 발전 양상 및 이들 나라의 중심이 되는 왕의 인물 네트워크를 바탕으로 통치 양상을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 삼국 왕조실록에 등장하는 인물을 역사학적 관점이 아닌 실록에 등장하는 인물 네트워크를 기반으로 분석함으로서 새로운 각도에서 해석할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제59호
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• pp.9-32
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• 2015

이 글은 삼국~고려시대에 이르는 우리 민족어시가의 전개과정을 살펴본 것이다. 논의된 내용은 다음과 같다. 삼국~나말여초의 이른바 "사뇌가"의 전형적 모습은 고승의 깨달음의 내용을 표현하는 견고한 짜임의 3단구조였다. 사뇌가는 같은 시대의 다른 민족어시가에 비해 문학적 특성이 두드러진 시가 양식이었다. 이는 당대의 10구체 향가가 한시를 의식하면서 자신의 시적 수준을 고양해간 결과이다. 고려시대에 들어오면서 이런 문학사적 구도 내부에 변화가 일어난다. 그것은 사뇌가가 쇠락하고 4행시가 문학사의 전면으로 부상하는 것이었다. 고려시대 4행시의 발전은 삼국~나말여초와 달리 우리의 민족어시가가 시보다는 노래적 특성을 강화해 나간 결과였다. 그것은 이 시대 한시가 보편화되면서 우리말 시가가 그것과 시로서 경쟁하는 대신 노래로서 위상을 조정함으로써 서로 상호보완적인 관계로 나아간 결과였다. 고려시대 사뇌가가 쇠퇴하고 이를 이어 시조가 문학사에 등장한 것은 민족어시가가 대중들로부터 더욱 사랑받을 수 있는, 그리고 보다 일상적인 정서를 자유롭게 표현할 수 있는 시가 형식으로 발전해 나간 결과였다. 이는 4행시 형식의 민족어시가가 한시와의 위상 조정을 통해 노래로서의 특성을 강화함으로써 자신의 생명력을 높여간 것과 같은 맥락에 놓여 있다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Hwangrong Temple was the center of the Buddhist culture of Silla dynasty. It was built in the 14th year of King Jinheung in Silla dynasty, and completely burnt out when the Mongol Army invaded the Korean peninsula during the reign of King Gojong of Koryeo dynasty. 8-year excavation of the site from 1976 as part of the Gyeongju Tourism Comprehensive Plan revealed many things about the Hwangrongsaji. Recently, a book introduced 'Geumdongnanganpyeon' among relics found in the site, but omitted in the Excavation Report published at that time. Though 'Palgak Geumdongnanganpyeon' has numerical signs 六, 七(six, seven), there was no clear explanation of the signs. Thus, this paper examines it. We can guess, through the remaining iron fragment, that the side of Geumdongnanganpyeon is octagonal, and the width of the side S13 fragment belongs to is about 400mm. The overall form of the face is similar to the Geumdong Palgaktop stored in the Museum of Dongguk University, but, in detail, it is similar to the Zhuanlunzang Pavilion of Longxing Temple and the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in China. And, numerical signs can be understand to designate the numbers of story and face. The reason why the number might indicate the number of story is that fragments which are presumed to be used for the same purpose contain different measurement values, and the basis of the concept of face can be found in efficiency of manufacturing and manufacturing techniques of artifacts of the time. The two aspects mentioned above cannot be confirmed because of not sufficient relics and related researches. But, the overall form may have been multi-story tower of at least two stories. If more studies in various fields are done in the future, it is expected that the original form will be recovered more accurately.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2014

상주 공검지는 조성 이후 지속적으로 제방을 증축하며 현재에 이르렀다. 통일신라시대 1,220년 BP 경 제방을 처음 축조한 후 고려 초기인 980년 BP까지 거의 50년마다 네 번 증축하였다. 그 가운데 초기 두 번의 증축은 고도를 상대적으로 많이 높였으나, 이후 두 번은 약간 높이는 정도에 머물렀다. 제방 증축 후 시간이 지남에 따라 수심은 점차 얕아지고 부유성 규조보다 저서성과 부착성 규조 비율이 증가하며 수질이 나빠진다. 이것은 소유역의 식생파괴로 인하여 공검지로 유입하는 퇴적물이 증가한 결과이다. 약 980년 BP 년 이후 50 여 년 동안에는 강수량이 많아서 저수지 수위가 상승하였다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.347-359
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• 2022

Gongsanseong Fortress was registered of a World Heritage Site in 2015 as a representative cultural heritage from the Woongjin Baekje period, and it has been used throughout the entire period from Baekje Kingdom to the Joseon Dynasty. Within Gongsanseong Fortress, the area around Ssangsujeong is presumed the site of royal palace of the Woongjin Baekje. Also, the excavated culture layers of the Baekje Kingdom, the Unified Silla period, and the Joseon Dynasty were confirmed. In this study, paleotopography was modeled by digitally converting the elevation data obtained through surveying the excavation process, and the use of the topography in the Ssangsujeong area was considered by examining the variations in the topography according to the periods. As a result, the topography of the slope around the peak changed by periods, and the topography did not change on the flat land. The topography between the Baekje Kingdom and the Unified Silla period appeared to be almost identical, and it seems that the space of the Baekje period was maintained as it is. Also, during the Joseon Dynasty, it is confirmed that flat surfaces in the previous period were used. However, sediments on the slopes flowed down, reducing the area of the flatland, and architectural techniques that could utilize the natural topography of the changed slope were applied to interpret it as having a different topography from the previous period. In order to model and interpret the paleotopography, excavation data, geological and topographic analysis, and digital data must be secured. It is expected that location conditions and ancient human life can be identified if the analysis technique in the study is applied to other archaeological sites in the future.

• 복식
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• 제23권
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to investigate the origin of ku and changes of styles from ancient times to recent times. It will contribute to recent times . It will contribute the correct understanding of the historical change of clothing materials. For this study historical comparative method were utilized using documentary records and relic of ku. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The fur clothes were the first clothes that human beings put on in order to protect human body against the cold. Ku was widely worn by many people in Asia dynasty. ku was an out fit for protection against the cold and it was made of animal fur. 2. The ancient times, the northern part of korean peninsular and Manchus were the mainfield of action of korean people. At this time, koreans preferred the ho-bok that the nomadic tribe used put on. But the territiory of unified Silla was limited to the southern part of korean peninsular, and it be supposed that ku was preferred only in a certain local community and social class. In Chosun dynasty , ku was also adopted as garment for protection against cold. During Sung-Zong and Chung -Zong era it was so popularized that both men and women in noble class preferred it. But in latter part of Chosun dynasty government worned the nation against extravagance in living, ku lots its popurality and it was modified into another garments such as gotzaugori, baeza and magoza.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.4-21
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• 2016

이제까지 호남지역의 석탑은 대체로 백제의 고토란 이유로 백제계 석탑에 대한 연구가 대부분이었다. 그러나 지정문화재를 중심으로 검토한 결과 호남지역의 석탑은 94기이고, 이중 고려시대에 만들어진 백제계 석탑은 15기, 신라계 석탑은 34기로 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 본 논문은 이제까지 백제계 석탑에 편중한 연구에서 신라계 석탑에 대한 검토를 통해 호남지역 석탑의 새로운 면모를 밝히고자 하였다. 석탑의 지역적인 배치를 통해 본 결과, 통일신라시대에는 전라남도에 치중하여 신라 석탑이 만들어졌다. 그러나 고려시대에 들어오면 호남지역 전역에 걸쳐 불국사 삼층석탑을 모방한 신라계 석탑이 건립된다. 이러한 점은 이전의 시기보다 신라계 세력의 호남지역에 대한 불교지배력이 강화된 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 현상은 백제계 석탑과 신라계 석탑이 공존하는 김제, 정읍, 순창 담양, 영암 강진을 중심으로 확인할 수 있다. 호남지역 신라계 석탑의 기단부의 형식은 이층기단은 21기, 단층기단은 12기이다. 이러한 현상은 신라 석탑이 가지고 있는 특징 중 하나인 이층기단을 계승하고자 했던 의도로 파악된다. 단층기단도 1매석, 또는 자연암반을 하층기단 삼아 단층기단으로 만들어진 탑도 2기가 있었다. 탑신부는 삼층석탑이 21기, 오층석탑이 12기이며, 1층탑신석을 1매석으로 만든 탑이 25기로 신라석탑의 전형적인 3층탑신부와 탑신석 1매석 제작 전통을 잘 계승하고자 하였던 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 옥개받침은 3단, 4단, 5단 등 그 구성방법이 다양하게 확인되었다. 전체적으로 이층기단을 가지고 있는 석탑 중 상층기단과 하층기단에 탱주가 있는 석탑은 16기 중 12기가, 삼층석탑은 21기 중 15기가 전라남도에 분포하고 있었다. 따라서 신라계 석탑의 정형성을 잘 계승하여 더 많이 유행한 지역은 전라남도임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2003

This study is to research the influence of Caesalpinia sappan which was imported through the exchanges between the Chosun dynasty and Japanese envoys during the early Chosun dynasty. Korea interchanged politically and culturally with Japan since ancient times. Particularly, the good-neighbor foreign policy toward Japan grew into trade relations. The diplomatic mission, under the name of Tongshinsa, was dispatched 12 times in total. Plenty of goods were exchanged through the visiting of Japanese envoys as well as through the activities of Korean envoys. In other words, the Korean-Japanese relations were at first focused on the political and diplomatic etiquette and gradually evolved into economic exchanges. Trading goods were various, including food, clothing, etc. Caesalpinia sappan, a red dye, was the most imported goods from Japan, but it was sold at a very high price, which caused luxurious trends in clothing. However, these sumptuous moods of the upper classes were decreased in the 16th century. Some of the reasons are : the difficulties of Japan's trade with the Caesalpinia sappan producing countries in South-east Asia, the transition of the high classes' preference from red clothing into Chinese BaecSa and SaraNeungDan, and the comparative decrease in the demand of Caesalpinia sappan by the changed understanding of Honghwa. Therefore, the early Chosun dynasty's clothing trends were due to the relationships between the Chosun dynasty and Japan.

• 복식
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.15-31
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• 2000

1. After the Chu Dynasty(周代), we can confirm the fish shape mark made of stones as the relics of the Chunkuk dynasty(戰國時代). In the Shu Dynasty(隋代), the system of bamboo and the rabbit shape mark made of silver into the fish shape mark. As it were, made of bamboo or siltier changed into the fish shape mark made of jade, gold, silver or wood. 2. In the Dang Dynasty(唐代), the used the fish shape credit mark made of jade, gold, silver, copper or textile, according to their classes. According to one's posit the man who wore purple, red coat, credit mark made a gold and silver. attached with putting them in fish bags. 3. In the Ryo Dynasty(遼代), there was also a system of attaching marks. The emperor was hanging the fish shape and the officials attached the double fish shape to the common dress. fish shape of jade. gold, amber, agate, silver or copper. without any fish bag. 4. The Song Dynasty(宋代) followed the system of the Dang Dynasty they used only the fish shape bags without marks in them. Hanging the fish shape bags made of gold and silver at the back side of the belt. 5. The Gin Dynasty(金代) carried out the system of made jade, gold or silver like the Dang, Song and Ryo Dynasty. In the Sejong Kingdom a system of paper card was carried out as the credit mark of the eighth and the ninth grade. 6. In the Ming Dynasty(明代), the military official general attached the golden, silver, ivory of jade, wood and copper cards with their positions and names. 7. Following the Dang Dynasty, Japan made of fish shape bags to their clothes. Colors of their fish shape marks were same as their clothes. They made the marks, such as crystal, cow's horn, lead and nickel and plated them with gold or silver. 8. In Korea, Pohai(발해) established the fish shape credit mark differed in material. gold, silver or copper according to their positions. We can confirm the Unified Silla(南國;統一新羅), carried out the system of attaching the fish shape in Chonma Chong(천마총), Golden Crown Chong(金冠塚), the King's 13-17 belt ring unearthed at the north part of Court South threat Chong(황남대총), the fish shape golden or silver, to their purple or red ceremonial coats. In the Koryo Dynasty(高麗), like the Dang, Song and Pohai, they attached the fish shape golden or silver marks, to their purple or red ceremonial coats.