• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.295-305
• /
• 2011

Many studies have suggested the positive effects of grazing by large herbivorous mammals on seed dispersal, but little is known about how herbivores could affect the fate of ingested seeds. This study examined the effects of seed ingestion by sika deer (Cervus nippon) on seed fate in a temperate grassland established in an urban park long resided by high densities of sika deer. I compared species composition and seasonal traits of seed abundance and maturity in the grassland community with those in deer fecal pellets. In total, 27 herbaceous species were observed, including the predominant Zoysia japonica. Seed phenology and production differed among the three dominant species (Z. japonica, Digitaria violascens, and Hydrocotyle maritima). Pellets contained at least 26 species of herbaceous seeds, and their abundance differed among species. Of the 26 species, 15 were observed in the vegetation at the study site. The peak of seed abundance in pellets for the dominant species appeared 1 month after the peak of inflorescence production (but most of the inflorescences were immature and susceptible to digestion) and consequently corresponded to the peak of mature inflorescence. Because sika deer are likely to ingest seeds at any maturity stage in the grassland and immature seeds are less hardened, ingested immature seeds can suffer great losses. The results suggested that the survival of germable seeds with great losses of immature seeds may be a factor determining which plant species can be successfully dispersed by herbivores.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.1238-1243
• /
• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding level on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emissions in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three growing male goats (initial body weight [BW] of $22.4{\pm}0.9kg$) and three growing male deer (initial BW of $20.2{\pm}4.8kg$) were each allotted to a respiration-metabolism chamber for an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. An experimental diet was offered to each animal at one of three feeding levels (1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of BW) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The chambers were used for measuring enteric $CH_4$ emission. Results: Nutrient digestibility decreased linearly in goats as feeding level increased, whereas Sika deer digestibility was not affected by feeding level. The enteric production of $CH_4$ expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), g/kg organic matter intake, and % of gross energy intake decreased linearly with increased feeding level in goats; however, that of Sika deer was not affected by feeding level. Six equations were estimated for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=6.2({\pm}14.1)+10.2({\pm}7.01){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.0048({\pm}0.0275){\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD, g/kg)-0.0070 (${\pm}0.0187$)${\times}$neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD; g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 4 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=-13.0({\pm}30.8)+29.4({\pm}3.93){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.046(0.094){\times}DMD(g/kg)-0.0363({\pm}0.0636){\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Increasing the feeding level increased $CH_4$ production in both goats and Sika deer, and predictive models of enteric $CH_4$ production by goats and Sika deer were estimated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.905-912
• /
• 2005

낙각시기는 MPA을 투여 하였을때 엘크 및 꽃사슴에서 처리 후 평균 21일에 낙각이 되었으며, 대조구에 비하여 엘크는 평균 37일 꽃사슴은 24일 낙각시기가 빨랐다(P<0.01). MPA 투여구에서는 꽃사슴과 엘크 모두 절각 후 재생뿔이 발생되었으며, 뿔 성장기간은 두 품종 모두 대조구보다 MPA 투여구가 2배정도 길었다. 녹용 총 생산량은 엘크의 경우 대조구 및 MPA 투여구가 각각 7.31, 10.11kg 이였고, 꽃사슴은 1.00, 1.41kg으로 MPA 투여구가 유의적으로 많았다.꽃사슴과 엘크사슴의 낙각이 될때의 혈중 testosterone 농도는 4.0ng/ml 이하였으며, 사슴뿔의 성장기간 동안에도 4.0ng/ml 이하를 나타내었다. 녹용 성장기의 꽃사슴과 엘크 사슴의 혈중 IGF-Ⅰ 농도는 사슴뿔의 성장곡선과 같이 IGF-Ⅰ의 농도도 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 월간한국양록
• /
• 10호
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 1990

Seaeonal Changes in chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD). dry matter(DM) yields and DM intake of browse(leaves of trees and shrubs) by four sika deer(Cervus nippon) bucks were studied from 1998 to 1989 under deforested slope moun

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.467-472
• /
• 2018

Objective: Molecular cloning and bioinformatics analysis of annexin A2 (ANXA2) gene in sika deer antler tip were conducted. The role of ANXA2 gene in the growth and development of the antler were analyzed initially. Methods: The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to clone the cDNA sequence of the ANXA2 gene from antler tip of sika deer (Cervus Nippon hortulorum) and the bioinformatics methods were applied to analyze the amino acid sequence of Anxa2 protein. The mRNA expression levels of the ANXA2 gene in different growth stages were examined by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR). Results: The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1,020 bp encoding 339 amino acids long protein of calculated molecular weight 38.6 kDa and isoelectric point 6.09. Homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Anxa2 mature protein of sika deer had the closest genetic distance with Cervus elaphus and Bos mutus. Real time RT-PCR results showed that the gene had differential expression levels in different growth stages, and the expression level of the ANXA2 gene was the highest at metaphase (rapid growing period). Conclusion: ANXA2 gene may promote the cell proliferation, and the finding suggested Anxa2 as an important candidate for regulating the growth and development of deer antler.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.673-678
• /
• 1993

A male sika deer, 3 years old, which had the clinical history of chronic watery diarrhea with severe emaciation for 4 months was submitted and euthanized. On necropsy, there was diffuse mucosal hypertrophy of gastrointestinal tract with thickened intestinal walls and swollen mesenteric lymph nodes. In histologic lesions. diffuse proliferation of epithelioid cells are present in the laminar propria, submucosa muscle layer and subserosa of most gastroinlestinal organs except omasum. These epithelioid cells are also present in the cortex and medulla of meseriteric lymph nodes and in the portal triads of liver. Most these epithelioid cells contain acid-fast positive bacilli using Ziehl-Neelsen staining in the cytoplasm. Based on the clinical signs, gross findings and histological lesions, this deer was diagnosed as paratuberculosis. The wide range of target organs and the severity of the lesions observed in this case is quite different comparing to those of other ruminant.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.142-145
• /
• 1990

충남대학교 부속동물병원에 내원(來院)한 우측후지(右側後肢)의 부전골에 골절상(骨折傷)을 받은 6개월금(個月今)의 꽃사슴에 대하여 대퇴골절단술(大腿骨切斷術)을 실시한 증례(症例)를 보고한다. 마취는 체중 kg당 1.2mg의 xylazine을 근육주사하여 실시하였으며, 수술방법은 개에서의 대퇴골절단술(大腿骨切斷術)과 같은 방법(方法)을 시도하였다. 수술직후 일어서기, 걷기, 달리기등의 운동에 불편을 보였지만 시간이 경과함에 따라 숙달되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 절단수술후(切斷手術後) 현재(現在)까지 (약(約) 6개월(個月)) 병적(病的) 미후(微候)는 인정되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1233-1237
• /
• 2008

The genetic variability within and among three deer species in Malaysia, namely Cervus nippon (sika), Cervus timorensis (rusa) and Cervus unicolor (sambar), were evaluated using the RAPD technique. The DNA extracted from the buffy coat of 34 sika, 38 rusa and 9 sambar were analysed using ten primers that gave bands which showed good resolution. The primers generated 164 RAPD markers in total, and these ranged in size from 150 to 900 bp. The percent of polymorphism of the bands generated per primer ranged from 66.66-93.33% for rusa, 36.84-61.14% for sambar and 52.38-100% for sika. The overall percent polymorphism observed for the 164 RAPD markers was 99.39%. The results revealed five exclusive, monomorphic markers for sambar and one exclusive, monomorphic marker for sika; none was observed for rusa. However, these cannot be declared as markers for the identification of the species without analysis of more samples, populations and species. The means of within population genetic distances, based on Dice's and Jaccard's similarity indices, were similar for the rusa (0.383 and 0.542, respectively) and sika (0.397 and 0.558, respectively) populations with the sambar population being the least variable (0.194 and 0.323, respectively). The Dice based genetic distances within the species ranged from 0.194 to 0.397 and the genetic distances among the species were 0.791-0.911. The genetic distances based on Dice's and Jaccard's similarity indices between the rusa and sambar were 0.556 and 0.713, between the rusa and sika populations were 0.552 and 0.710, and between sambar and sika were 0.622 and 0.766, respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.265-267
• /
• 2016

A one-year-old female sika deer died suddenly with no preliminary signs during exhibition at a zoo. At necropsy, the carcass was emaciated and had dried fur. Examination of the thoracic cavity revealed a diaphragmatic rupture measuring 2 cm in diameter and a fracture in the middle of the right eighth rib. The liver and lungs had irregular circular discolorations caused by diaphragmatic rupture and subsequent herniation. Dark-brown-colored ascitic fluid, hydrothorax, and yellowish hydropericardium were also observed. The cause of death was determined to be diaphragmatic rupture caused by a rib fracture, which led to respiratory imbalance and circulatory disorders.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 1981

This study was performed to evaluate the sedative effect of xylazine for restraint of deers such as sika deer (19 cases), red deer (19 cases), elk (19 cases), pere david deer (13 cases) and reindeer (8 cases), raised in the area of surburb of Seoul, Chungcheongnam-do and Gyungsangbug-do. provinces The results were as follows : 1. The more the dose of xylazine, the earlier the onset of sedation, and the s1ower the recovery time to normal state. 2. The optimal intramuscular dose of xylazine was found to be 0.8~1.4mg per Kg of body weight for sika deer, 0.6~1.0mg for red deer, 1.0~1.4mg for elk, 0.2~0.4mg for pere david deer, and 0.6~1.0mg for reindeer.