• Title/Summary/Keyword: Siemens사

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Analysis of Irradiation Growth Behavior for the Zircaloy-4 Cladding used in the KOFA Fuel (국산 핵연료에 사용되는 Zircaloy-4 피복관의 조사성장 거동 해석)

  • Kim, Gi-Hang;Lee, Chan-Bok;Kim, Gyu-Tae
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.357-363
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    • 1994
  • The irradiation growth of the Zircaloy-4 cladding in the KOFA fuel loaded in the Kori-2 nuclear plant was measured to evaluate the irradiation growth behavior and to be compared with that of the Siemens cladding having different manufacturing process. Due to the partial recrystallization by final heat treatment, the KOFA Zircaloy-4 cladding showed a two step irradiation growth behavior such as the growth saturation and the accerlation which is typical of the fully annealed Zircaloy cladding. The difference in the measured irradiation growth rate between the KOFA and the Siemens cladding could be explained by the difference in the cladding texture which depends on the manufacturing process. From the measured irradiation growth data of Kori-2 KOFA fuel, a two-step irradiation growth model of the KOFA Zircaloy-4 cladding was derived, the accuracy of which can be more clearly verified as the measured data of the irradiation growth are accumulated in the future.

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The First Introduction of UPFC to the KEPCO Power Network in Korea : Pilot Plant (UPFC의 국내 계통 적용에 관한 연구 : Pilot Plant)

  • Yoo, H.H.;Kim, J.M.;Lee, H.S.;Lim, S.J.;Kim, S.Y.
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2002.11b
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    • pp.307-311
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    • 2002
  • 최근의 전력 공급 시장에서는 전력 공급의 유연성을 확보함과 동시에 고품질의 전력을 높은 신뢰성을 가지면서 수용가에 공급하는 송전기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 시장의 요구에 부응하여 송전 시스템의 유효전력 및 무효전력을 능동적으로 제어할 수 있는 FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission System) 기기의 개념이 도입되었다 FACTS기술의 개념은 기존에 수동적으로 제어하였던 선로의 전압, 임피던스 및 위상각을 능동적으로 제어함으로써 전력공급의 유연성 및 신뢰성을 높이는 것이다 국내에서는 과거 일련의 project를 통하여 인버터형 FACTS 기기외 국내 적용을 위한 연구를 수행해 왔으며, 그 결과를 토대로 한전 전력연구원, (주)효성, 미국 Siemens사 및 국내 연구소와 협동연구의 형태로 한전의 154kV 계통에 적용되는 80MVA급 UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller) pilot plant project를 진행하고 있다. 본 pilot plant project를 통하여 인버터형 FACTS 기기인 UPFC를 실제계통에 설치, 운영함으로써 향후 한국의 기간 계통인 345kV 송전 시스템에 적용할 시스템의 사양 및 운용전략을 도출할 계획이다. 본 논문에서는 국내 계통의 특징, pilot plant가 설치될 지역의 계통현황 및 기기의 사양을 소개하고 기기의 현장 설치 및 시험 진행 상황에 대하여 설명하였다.

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Contralateral Breast Dose Reduction Using a Virtual Wedge (가상쐐기를 이용한 반대측 유방선량감소)

  • Yeo, In-Hwan;Kim, Dae-Yong;Kim, Tae-Hyun;Shin, Kyung-Hwan;Chie, Eui-Kyu;Park, Won;Lim, Do-Hoon;Huh, Seung-Jae;Ahn, Yong-Chan
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.230-235
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    • 2005
  • Purpose: To evaluate the contralateral breast dose using a virtual wedge compared with that using a Physical wedge and an open beam in a Siemens linear accelerator. Materials and Methods: The contralateral breast dose was measured using diodes placed on a humanoid phantom. Diodes were placed at 5.5 cm (position 1), 9.5 cm (position 2), and 14 cm (position 3) along the medial-lateral line from the medial edge of the treatment field. A 6-MV photon beam was used with tangential irradiation technique at 50 and 230 degrees of gantry angle. Asymmetrically collimated $17{\times}10cm$ field was used. for the first set of experiment, four treatment set-ups were used, which were an open medial beam with a 30-degree wedged lateral beam (physical and virtual wedges, respectively) and a 15-degree wedged medial beam with a 15-degree wedged lateral beam (physical and virtual wedges, respectively). The second set of experiment consists of setting with medial beam without wedge, a 15-degree wedge, and a 50-degree wedge (physical and virtual wedges, respectively). Identical monitor units were delivered. Each set of experiment was repeated for three times. Results: In the first set of experiment, the contralateral breast dose was the highest at the position 1 and decreased in order of the position 2 and 3. The contralateral breast dose was reduced with open beam on the medial side ($2.70{\pm}1.46%$) compared to medial beam with a wedge (both physical and virtual) ($3.25{\pm}1.59%$). The differences were larger with a physical wedge ($0.99{\pm}0.18%$) than a virtual wedge ($0.10{\pm}0.01%$) at all positions. The use of a virtual wedge reduced the contralateral breast dose by 0.12% to 1.20% of the proscribed dose compared to a physical wedge with same technique. In the second experiment, the contralateral breast dose decreased in order of the open beam, the virtual wedge, and the physical wedge at the position 1, and it decreased in order of a physical wedge, an open beam, and a virtual wedge at the position 2 and 3. Conclusion: The virtual wedge equipped in a Siemens linear accelerator was found to be useful in reducing dose to the contralateral breast. Our additional finding was that the surface dose distribution from the Siemens accelerator was different from a Varian accelerator.

두경부암의 6MV 광자선 치료 시 표면선량 증가를 위한 Spoiler의 유용성 평가

  • 이강혁;김원택;이화중;김대영
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2002
  • 1.목적 두경부암(head and neck Ca)과 쇄골상부(Supraclavicular)에 6MV 광자선으로 치료 시 치료부위(Target volume)가 피부에서 대략 $1^{\sim}2mm$정도 깊이에 위치할 경우, 6MV 광자선의 선량분포는 표면선량이 낮아서 치료에 적합하지 않기 때문에 Bolus와 같이 사용하지만 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과의 손실로 피부의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 보호와 치료 시 표면선량의 증가를 위해 Spoiler(산란판)를 제작하여 측정 후 그 특성을 이해하고 선량의 분포를 통하여 Bolus와 비교한 후에 Spoiler의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 2.방법 Siemens사 선형가속기(PRIMUS)의 6MV 광자선을 사용하여 Spoiler의 사용여부 및 Spoiler의 사용 시에는 조사면의 크기를 $5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15,\;20{\times}20cm^2$로 하고 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리는 6, 10, 15cm로 바꾸어 가면서 물팬톰(PTW. 독일)을 이용해 깊이와 측방에 따른 선량분포를 Markus 전리함(PTW. 독일)으로 측정하였으며 전리함의 방수를 위해 씌어진 방수 캡 때문에 표면선량을 별도의 고형 팬톰으로 측정하였다. 표면의 측정선량은 전리함의 측면 벽 등에 의한 선량 측정치의 증가 현상으로 과 반응을 보였으며 이를 교정하였다. 그리고 측정된 데이터를 치료계획 시스템(Pinnacle 6.0m)으로 비교, 분석하였다. 3.결과 Spoiler의 사용 시 3cm깊이 측정선량 백분율과 Spoiler를 사용하지 않은 해당 치료 조사면의 3cm깊이 선량의 백분율에 일치하도록 하여 가상의 치료 깊이인 2mm에서 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 조사면 $5{\times}5,\;10{\times}10,\;20{\times}20cm^2$에서 OPEN시 62, 64, $70\%$, Bolus는 97, 97, $99\%$로 Spoiler의 사용 시 표면과의 거리가 6cm에서 82, 98, $103\%$, 10cm에는 72, 89, $101\%$, 15m에 65, 79, $96\%$로 나타났으며 표면에서의 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 OPEN시 11, 17, $27\%$, Bolus는 84, 84, $86\%$, Spoiler의 사용 시 6cm에서 40, 71, $93\%$, 10cm에는 25, 50, $81\%$, 15cm에 18, 36, $67\%$를 나타내었다. 또한 3m깊이에서의 측방 선량분포에서 Spoiler의 거리변화(6, 10cm)는 심부선량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 위의 실험측정치를 치료계획 시스템에 입력하여 선량분포를 확인한 결과 Spoiler를 사용하는 경우 OPEN에 비해 선량분포 영역을 표면으로 끌어 올릴 수 있으며 Bolus 보다 피부 보호효과는 어느 정도 유지가 되는 것을 보여주었다. 4.결론 이와 같이 Spoiler는 Bolus와 비교하여 6MV 광자선의 build up 영역을 표면으로 증가시키는 동시에 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과를 유지할 수 있으며 두경부암의 치료에서 Spoiler의 사용이 가능한 조건으로는 조사면이 $5{\times}5cm^2$에서 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리가 6cm일 때, $7{\times}7cm^2$에서 6cm, 10cm였고 $10{\times}10cm^2$는 10cm, 15cm로, $15{\times}15cm^2$는 15cm의 간격으로 평가되었다. 또한 $20{\times}20cm^2$의 조사면, Spoiler가 6cm 간격 인 경우 Bolus를 사용한 것 보다 더욱 높은 표면선량을 나타내었다. 그러나 Spoiler와 표면간의 거리를 다르게 함으로써 깊이에 따라 선량분포를 다양하게 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 표면선량의 증가와 피부의 보호를 위해 환자의 피부 두께, 실제 치료 부위의 깊이 등을 고려한다면 Spoiler를 사용하는 것이 bolus를 사용하는 것보다 더 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

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Determination of Stereotactic Target Position with MR Localizer (자기공명영상을 이용한 두개부내 표적의 3차원적 위치결정)

  • 최태진;김옥배;주양구;서수지;손은익
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 1996
  • Purpose: To get a 3-D coordinates of intracranial target position was investicated in axial, sagittal and coronal magnetic resonance imaging with a preliminary experimented target localizer. Material and methods : In preliminal experiments, the localizer is made of engineering plastic to avoid the distrubance of magnetic field during the MR image scan. The MR localizer displayed the 9 points in three different axial tomogram. The bright signal of localizer was obtjained from 0.1~0.3% of paramagnetic gadolinium/DTPA solution in T1WI or T2WI. In this study, the 3-D position of virtual targets were examined from three different axial MR images and the streotactic position was compared to that of BRW stereotactic system in CT scan with same targets. Results: This study provided the actual target position could be obtained from single scan with MRI localizer which has inverse N-typed 9 bars. This experiment was accomplished with shimming test for detection of image distortion in MR image. However we have not found the image distortion in axial scan. The maximum error of target positions showed 1.0 mm in axial, 1.3 mm for sagittal and 1.7 mm for coronal image, respectivelly. The target localization in MR localizer was investicated with spherical virtual target in skull cadaver. Furthermore, the target position was confirmed with CRW stereotactic system showed a 1.3 mm in discrepancy. Summary : The intracranial target position was determined within 1.7 mm of discrepancy with designed MR localizer. We found the target position from axial image has more small discrepancy than that of sagittal and coronal image.

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Compare the Clinical Tissue Dose Distributions to the Derived from the Energy Spectrum of 15 MV X Rays Linear Accelerator by Using the Transmitted Dose of Lead Filter (연(鉛)필터의 투과선량을 이용한 15 MV X선의 에너지스펙트럼 결정과 조직선량 비교)

  • Choi, Tae-Jin;Kim, Jin-Hee;Kim, Ok-Bae
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.80-88
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    • 2008
  • Recent radiotherapy dose planning system (RTPS) generally adapted the kernel beam using the convolution method for computation of tissue dose. To get a depth and profile dose in a given depth concerened a given photon beam, the energy spectrum was reconstructed from the attenuation dose of transmission of filter through iterative numerical analysis. The experiments were performed with 15 MV X rays (Oncor, Siemens) and ionization chamber (0.125 cc, PTW) for measurements of filter transmitted dose. The energy spectrum of 15MV X-rays was determined from attenuated dose of lead filter transmission from 0.51 cm to 8.04 cm with energy interval 0.25 MeV. In the results, the peak flux revealed at 3.75 MeV and mean energy of 15 MV X rays was 4.639 MeV in this experiments. The results of transmitted dose of lead filter showed within 0.6% in average but maximum 2.5% discrepancy in a 5 cm thickness of lead filter. Since the tissue dose is highly depend on the its energy, the lateral dose are delivered from the lateral spread of energy fluence through flattening filter shape as tangent 0.075 and 0.125 which showed 4.211 MeV and 3.906 MeV. In this experiments, analyzed the energy spectrum has applied to obtain the percent depth dose of RTPS (XiO, Version 4.3.1, CMS). The generated percent depth dose from $6{\times}6cm^2$ of field to $30{\times}30cm^2$ showed very close to that of experimental measurement within 1 % discrepancy in average. The computed dose profile were within 1% discrepancy to measurement in field size $10{\times}10cm$, however, the large field sizes were obtained within 2% uncertainty. The resulting algorithm produced x-ray spectrum that match both quality and quantity with small discrepancy in this experiments.

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Introduction and feasibility study of the HD-270 MLC (HD-270 MLC의 소개 및 유용성평가)

  • Kim Dae Young;Kim Won Taek;Lee Hwa Jung;Lee Kang Hyeok
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2003
  • I. Purpose The multileaf collimator(MLC) has many advantages, but use of the MLC increased effective penumbra and isodose undulation in dose distribution compared with that of an alloy block. In this work, we introduced the HD-270 MLC, which can improve the above disadvantages of MLC, and reported its feasibility study. II. Method and Materials The HD-270 MLC is a technique which combines the use of the existing Siemens multileaf collimator(3D MLC) with patient translation perpendicular to the leaf plane. The technique produces a smoothed isodose distribution with the reduced isodose undulation and effective penumbra. To assess the efficacy of the HD-270 technique and determine the appropriate resolution, a polygonal shaped MLC field was made to produce field edge angles from 0 degree to 75 degree with a step of 15 degree. Each HD-270 group was generated according to the allowed resolution, i. e., 5, 3, and 2mm. The experiment was carried out on Primus, a Siemens linear accelerator configured with HD-270 MLC. The total 60 MU of 6 MV photon beam was delivered to X-Omat film(Kodak, USA) at a SAD of 100 cm and 1.5 cm depth in solid water phantom. Exposed films were scanned by Lumiscan75(LUMISYS) and analyzed using RIT113 software(Radiological Imaging Technology Inc., USA). To test the mechanical accuracy of table movement, the transverse, longitudinal, and vertical positions were controlled by a consol with ${\pm}5\;mm,\;{\pm}4\;mm,\;{\pm}3\;mm,\;and\;{\pm}2\;mm$ steps, and then measured using a dial gauge with an accuracy of 0.001 inch. During the experiments, the table loaded with about 50Kg human phantom to simulate the real treatment situation. III. Results The effective penumbra and isodose undulation became larger with increase the resolution and field edge angle. The accuracy of the table movement on each direction is good within the ${\pm}1\;mm$. IV. Conclusion Clinical use of the MLC can be increased by using of the HD-270 MLC which complements to the disadvantages of the MLC.

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