Contralateral Breast Dose Reduction Using a Virtual Wedge

가상쐐기를 이용한 반대측 유방선량감소

  • Yeo, In-Hwan (Department of Radiation Oncology Cooper University Hospital, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Yong (Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center) ;
  • Kim, Tae-Hyun (Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center) ;
  • Shin, Kyung-Hwan (Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center) ;
  • Chie, Eui-Kyu (Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center) ;
  • Park, Won (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School on Medicine) ;
  • Lim, Do-Hoon (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School on Medicine) ;
  • Huh, Seung-Jae (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School on Medicine) ;
  • Ahn, Yong-Chan (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School on Medicine)
  • 여인환 (쿠퍼대학병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 김대용 (국립암센터 연구소 및 병원) ;
  • 김태현 (국립암센터 연구소 및 병원) ;
  • 신경환 (국립암센터 연구소 및 병원) ;
  • 지의규 (국립암센터 연구소 및 병원) ;
  • 박원 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 임도훈 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 허승재 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 안용찬 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과)
  • Published : 2005.12.30

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the contralateral breast dose using a virtual wedge compared with that using a Physical wedge and an open beam in a Siemens linear accelerator. Materials and Methods: The contralateral breast dose was measured using diodes placed on a humanoid phantom. Diodes were placed at 5.5 cm (position 1), 9.5 cm (position 2), and 14 cm (position 3) along the medial-lateral line from the medial edge of the treatment field. A 6-MV photon beam was used with tangential irradiation technique at 50 and 230 degrees of gantry angle. Asymmetrically collimated $17{\times}10cm$ field was used. for the first set of experiment, four treatment set-ups were used, which were an open medial beam with a 30-degree wedged lateral beam (physical and virtual wedges, respectively) and a 15-degree wedged medial beam with a 15-degree wedged lateral beam (physical and virtual wedges, respectively). The second set of experiment consists of setting with medial beam without wedge, a 15-degree wedge, and a 50-degree wedge (physical and virtual wedges, respectively). Identical monitor units were delivered. Each set of experiment was repeated for three times. Results: In the first set of experiment, the contralateral breast dose was the highest at the position 1 and decreased in order of the position 2 and 3. The contralateral breast dose was reduced with open beam on the medial side ($2.70{\pm}1.46%$) compared to medial beam with a wedge (both physical and virtual) ($3.25{\pm}1.59%$). The differences were larger with a physical wedge ($0.99{\pm}0.18%$) than a virtual wedge ($0.10{\pm}0.01%$) at all positions. The use of a virtual wedge reduced the contralateral breast dose by 0.12% to 1.20% of the proscribed dose compared to a physical wedge with same technique. In the second experiment, the contralateral breast dose decreased in order of the open beam, the virtual wedge, and the physical wedge at the position 1, and it decreased in order of a physical wedge, an open beam, and a virtual wedge at the position 2 and 3. Conclusion: The virtual wedge equipped in a Siemens linear accelerator was found to be useful in reducing dose to the contralateral breast. Our additional finding was that the surface dose distribution from the Siemens accelerator was different from a Varian accelerator.

목적: Siemens사 선형가속기에 장착된 가상쐐기를 이용하여 반대측 유방에 흡수되는 선량을 기존쐐기와 비교 연구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 반대측 유방선량을 인체모형에서 이극진공관을 사용하여 측정하였다. 이극진공관을 조사영역의 내측 경계선으로부터 반대쪽 외측방향으로 5.5 cm (1번 위치), 9.5 cm (2번 위치), 14 cm (3번 위치) 떨어진 곳에 위치하였다. 6 MV X-선을 이용하여 50도와 230도에서 $17{\pm}10cm$의 비대칭조사영역을 사용하여 접면 조사를 실시하였다. 첫번째 실험은 4가지의 치료방법을 시도하였다; (i) 개방 내측조사와 30도 기존쐐기를 사용한 외측조사; (ii) 15도 기존쐐기를 사용한 내측 및 외측조사; (iii) 개방 내측조사와 30도 가상쐐기를 사용한 외측조사; (iv) 15도 가상쐐기를 사용한 내측 및 외측조사. 두번째 실험은 개방조사, 15도 및 60도 기존쐐기 및 가상쐐기 모두를 사용하여 내측조사를 시행하였으며, 이때 동일한 모니터단위로 조사하였다. 모든 실험은 3회 반복되었다. 결과: 첫번째 실험은 반대측 유방선량은 1번 위치, 2번 위치, 3번 위치의 순으로 감소한다. 또한 기존쐐기 및 가상쐐기와 무관하게 내측에 쐐기를 사용한 경우($3.25{\pm}1.59%$)보다는 사용하지 않은 경우(2.70{\pm}1.45%$) 선량이 낮았고, 이러한 차이는 가상쐐기($0.10{\pm}0.01%$)보다 기존쐐기($0.99{\pm}0.18%$)의 경우 더 컸다. 가상쐐기의 사용은 같은 기법의 기존쐐기를 사용한 것에 비해 처방선량 대비 $0.12{\sim}1.20%$의 반대측 유방선량을 감소시켰다. 두번째 실험시 1번 위치에서는 개방빔, 가상쐐기, 기존쐐기 순으로 선량이 높았으며, 2, 3번 위치에서는 기존쐐기, 개방빔, 가상쐐기 순으로 선량이 높았다. 결론: Siemens사 선형가속기에 장착된 가상쐐기를 사용할 경우 반대측 유방선량을 줄일 수 있으며, 위치에 따른 선량분포는 Varian사 것과 차이가 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baral E, Larsson LE, Mattson B. Breast cancer following ir radiation of the breast. Cancer 1977;40:2905-2910 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197712)40:6<2905::AID-CNCR2820400621>3.0.CO;2-Y
  2. Land CE, Boice JD, Shore RE, et al. Breast cancer risk from low dose exposure to ionizing radiation: Results of parallel analysis of three exposed populations of women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:353-376
  3. Shore RE, Hemplemann LH, Kowaluk E, et al. Breast neoplasms in women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977;59:813-822 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/59.3.813
  4. Berg JW, Shottenfeld D. Multiple primary cancers at Memorial Hospital. Cancer 1977;40:1801-1805 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197710)40:4+<1801::AID-CNCR2820400805>3.0.CO;2-G
  5. Newell GR. Multiple primary cancer: Suggested etiologic implications. Cancer Bull 1980;32:160-164
  6. Prior P, Waterhouse JA. Incidence of bilateral tumors in a population-based series of breast cancer patients: Two approaches to an epidemiological analysis. Br J Cancer 1975;35: 1472-1477
  7. Shoenberg BS. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms, the Connecticut experience. Rec Results Ca Res 1977;58:80-107
  8. Boice JD, Harvey EB, Blettner M, et al. Cancer in the contralateral breast after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326:781-785 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199203193261201
  9. Cumberlin RL, Dritschilo A, Mossman KL. Carcinogenic effects of scattered dose associated with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:623-629 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90115-6
  10. Fraass BA, Roberson PL, Lichter AS. Dose to the contralateral breast due to primary breast irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1985;11:485-497 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(85)90179-8
  11. Sohn JW, Macklis R, Suh JH, et al. A mobile shield to reduce scatter radiation to the contralateral breast during radiotherapy for breast cancer: Preclinical Results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:1037-1041 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(98)00506-9
  12. Mueller-Runkel R, Kalokhe UP. Scatter dose from tangential breast irradiation to the uninvolved breast. Radiology 1990; 175:873-876 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.175.3.2343139
  13. Tercilla O, Krasin F, Lawn-Tsao L. Comparison of contralateral breast doses from 1/2 beam block and isocentric treatment techniques for patients treated with primary breast irradiation with Co 60. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:205-210 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90390-8
  14. Choi DR, Shin KH, Lee KC, et al. Physical characteristics comparison of virtual wedge device with physical wedge. J Korean Soc Ther Radiol Oncol 1997;17:78-83
  15. Li Z, Klein EE. Surface and peripheral doses of dynamic and physical wedges. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;37:921-925 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(96)00610-4
  16. McParland BJ. The effect of a dynamic wedge in the medial tangential field upon the contralateral breast dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990;19:1515-1520 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(90)90366-R
  17. Weides CD, Mok EC, Chang WC, et al. Evaluating the dose to the contralateral breast when using a dynamic wedge versus a regular wedge. Med Dosimet 1995;20:287-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-3947(95)02011-X
  18. Kim YS, Kim SW, Yoon SC, et al. Comparison of virtual wedge versus physical wedge affecting on dose distribution of treated breast and adjacent normal tissue for tangential breast irradiation. J Korean Soc Ther Radiol Oncol 2004;22:225-233