• 제목/요약/키워드: Side cut

검색결과 304건 처리시간 0.024초

파프리카 재배용 온실에서 용접 파이프 기둥재의 구조적 안전성 검토 (Analysis of Structural Safety of the Welded Pipe Columns Adopted in Paprika Greenhouse)

  • 서원명;최만권;임재운;권순주;김현태;김영주;윤용철
    • 농업생명과학연구
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.125-133
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구의 대상은 1-2W 기본형 온실의 기둥을 절단하여 동일한 규격의 파이프로 용접하여 온실의 측고를 높인 온실이다. 이와 같이 개조형 온실에 풍하중이나 적설하중이 작용할 경우, 어떠한 형태로든 용접부위에는 구조적으로 불안전 할 것으로 판단된다. 이를 검토학기 위하여 4단계에 걸쳐 용접된 기둥에 대한 굽힘 강도를 측정하여 용접하지 않은 원상태의 파이프와 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 온실구조용 강관에 대한 용접결합부의 굽힘 시험의 경우, 하중재하 방법에 관계없이 양단 지점부위와 하중 재하부위가 하중을 견디지 못하고 함몰되는 현상을 보임으로서 합리적인 결과를 도출할 수가 없었다. 따라서 지점 및 하중 재하부위에 내부 파이프 (봉강)을 삽입함으로서 부분적인 문제점을 보완할 수 있었지만, 보다 합리적인 굽힘 시험 방법이 고안되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 용접결합부의 강도는 원형상태에 비해 별 차이를 보이지 않았고, 시료의 제작 조건에 따라 경미한 차이를 보였으나, 용접 과정에서 부실의 정도가 결정적인 강도 손실을 유발할 수 있음이 예상되었다. 용접결합과정의 문제점이나 접합 작업 후, 기둥 부재의 기울어짐 등에 대한 문제점이 없다는 전제 하에 용접한 파이프의 강도는 일반적으로 원형상태의 강도에 비해 약 84-90% 정도로 가정함이 합리적일 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 접합부의 녹발생이나 기타 용접결합에 따른 중장기적 강도 저하 등을 고려할 때, 부득이한 경우가 아니라면 현재 농가에서 시도되고 있는 온실의 주요 부재에 대한 구조변경 등은 구조안전성 측면에서 지극히 삼가 되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

국립고궁박물관 소장 평정모(平頂帽)의 명칭 검토와 제작방법 (Name Review, and Production Method of Pyeongjeongmo, Housed by the National Palace Museum of Korea)

  • 이은주;진덕순;이정민
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제51권2호
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    • pp.4-21
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    • 2018
  • 국립고궁박물관에 소장되어 있는 16점의 '평정모' 유물에 대한 명칭을 검토하여 그간 사용해 온 '평정모'라는 명칭의 오류를 바로 잡고 유물을 토대로 제작방법을 제시함으로써 유물 재현에 활용하거나 궁중의례 재현용 관모 제작에 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. '평정모'라는 명칭은 '평정건'에서 유래되었다. "경국대전(經國大典)"에 녹사(錄事)는 유각평정건(有角平頂巾)을 쓰고, 서리(書吏)는 무각평정건(無角平頂巾)을 쓴다고 하였으나 국립고궁박물관에 소장되어 있는 평정모 유물은 녹사나 서리가 사용하였던 평정건과는 무관한 것으로 판명되었다. 오히려 세자궁 빈궁의 별감(別監)이나 수복(守僕) 등이 사용하던 흑주두건(黑紬頭巾), 또는 조건(?巾)에 해당하는 것임을 확인하였다. 유물 조사를 통해 재단 방법과 바느질 방법, 완성된 형태와 접어 보관하는 방법을 확인할 수 있었다. 평정모의 구조는 동일하나, 접었을 때 정면에 드러나는 형태에서 약간씩의 차이를 보이고 있어 이를 3가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 평정모는 한 조각으로 평면 재단하여 접는 방법으로 입체적인 모자로 만들었는데 앞이 낮고 뒤가 높은 구조를 이루었다. 머리둘레는 55~59cm이며, 높이는 19.4~21.5cm이다. 1장으로 재단하기 위하여 머리둘레에 해당하는 부분을 식서 방향으로 재단하였다. 유물 <창덕 23820>을 토대로 재료 준비, 배접하기, 중심 장식 만들기, 바느질하기, 접기 과정을 거쳐 완성된 재현품을 제시하였다. 미리 계산된 독특한 형태로 재단된 흑색 주(紬) 겉감에 삼베를 배접하여 재단을 마무리하였다. 머리 윗부분은 검정색 실로 징궈 주었고 뒤 중심선은 소색 면사를 사용하여 3.5~4cm 간격의 블랭킷스티치로 고정하여 형태가 완성되었다. 앞 중심의 접힌 부분 안쪽에는 착용 시 앞쪽 형태를 곧게 유지하기 위하여 대나무 심을 넣고 흰색 면사로 일정한 모양의 스티치를 해서 고정시켰으며 뒤쪽에는 망건에 고정할 수 있는 길이 2.5cm, 너비 0.6cm 크기의 대나무 첨자(籤子)를 달아 착용 시 벗겨지지 않도록 하였다.

건축자재에서 방출되는 오염물질 평가 시 사용되는 20 L 시험챔버 시편홀더의 기밀성 개선 (Tightness of specimen sealing box in 20 L test chamber to evaluate building materials emitting pollutants)

  • 신우진;이철원;김만구
    • 분석과학
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.261-267
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    • 2007
  • 건축자재에서 방출되는 오염물질을 평가하는 20 L 시험챔버법은 챔버 내부에 노출되는 시료의 표면방출만을 측정한다. 일정한 크기로 절단한 시편을 알루미늄 호일로 감싼 후 시편홀더에 고정시켜 20 L 시험챔버 내에 위치시킨 후 방출시험을 실시한다. 이때 시편홀더의 기밀성이 보장되지 못한다면 시료절단면에서 방출되는 오염물질로 인하여 정확한 평가가 이루어질 수 없다. 이러한 절단면의 영향은 표면처리를 하여 표면에서 보다 절단면에서 더 많은 오염물질이 방출되는 판상재(합판, 장판) 시료의 경우 더 크다. 이 연구에서는 바닥재로 사용되는 장판을 대상으로 20 L 시험챔버와 1 L 시험챔버의 방출시험결과를 비교하여 시편홀더의 기밀성을 확인하였다. 또한 가구재로 사용되는 LPM 양면처리한 MDF를 대상으로 현행의 시험방법과 시료절단면을 VOC 저방출 tape으로 밀봉한 방법을 비교하여 시편홀더의 부족한 기밀성의 개선이 가능하지 확인하였다. LPM 양면처리한 MDF의 7일 경과 후 방출강도는 TVOC의 경우 Tape 사용 유무에 따라 각각 $0.009mg/m^2h$, $0.003mg/m^2h$로 기밀성을 보완할 수 있었다. 또한 n=3에서 상대표준편차가 현행의 방법은 $0.004mg/m^2h$, tape을 사용했을 경우 $0.002mg/m^2h$로 현행 방법의 시험편홀더 기밀성 부족으로 인한 절단면의 불균일한 영향을 VOC 저방출테이프 사용으로 배제할 수 있었다.

조선왕조(朝鮮王朝) 왕릉(王陵) 문인석상(文人石像)의 복식형태(服飾形態)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Costume Style of Civil Servants' Stone Images Erected at Tombs of the Kings for Yi-dynasty)

  • 권용옥
    • 복식
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.87-114
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    • 1981
  • A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

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