• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.6
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• pp.1594-1599
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• 2021

A 64-year-old male visited our emergency department due to severe right flank pain after falling from a 2-meter height. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a right hemothorax with multiple fractures in the right ribs and iliac bone. A small hematoma in the right perihepatic space was noted, but there was no hepatic laceration on CT. Initial surgical management led to continuous uncontrolled bleeding around the porta hepatis, and subsequent arterial angiography could not demonstrate a bleeding focus. However, immediate follow-up CT showed contrast extravasation on the left side of abdomen, and a percutaneous transhepatic portal venogram revealed active bleeding from the left portal vein. Although the wound was embolized with a glue, the patient suffered from a cardiac arrest and finally expired. In conclusion, during evaluation of abdominal trauma patients, portal vein bleeding and contrecoup injuries should be considered when hepatic arteriography findings are unremarkable.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

The safety barrier is installed on road embankment to prevent vehicles from falling into road side slope. Among the safety barrier, flexible guardrails are usually installed. The flexible guardrail generally consists of a protection cross-beam and supporting in-line piles. These guardrail piles are installed nearby slope edge of road embankment because the side area of the road is much narrow. The protection cross-beam absorbs impact energy caused by vehicle collision. The pile-soil interaction also absorbs the rest of the impact energy and then, finally, the flexible guardrail system resists the impact load. This paper aims to investigate the pile-soil interaction subjected to impact load using centrifuge model tests. In this study, a single pile was installed in compacted residual soil and loaded under lateral impact load. An impact loading system was designed and developed available on centrifuge tests. Using this loading system, a parametric study was performed and the parameters include types of loading and ground. Finally, the ultimate bearing capacity of supporting pile under impact load was analyzed using load-displacement curve and soil reaction pressure distributions at ultimate were evaluated and compared with previous studies.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.211-217
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• 2019

The three major inventions of Jeju include the field wall of Kim Koo Pan Gwan in 1234, Jeongnang in the custom of grazing the people of Jeju, and Olleh in the tomb of Munbang-gui in 1406. Field wall, Oedam from the stone and the stone of numerical play, made Koendang, a friendship society. Even with a typhoon that is more than 30m/s, the Koendang which is about 1.5m high, will not collapse. Similarly, the main family networks of Jeju society do not collapse under any difficulties situation. When building a field wall, two stones, which are under the ground, are placed side by side, and the upper left stone is placed on top and the upper right stone is attached regularly. One stone or two stone is attached from the bottom to the top, and when a stone is small or large, a flat field is formed in one space. The Family networks is close to the grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, and me, and the distant kin represents a horizontal relationship. The field wall is a vertical relationship that builds up from bottom to top of the vertical relation, while the Koendang is a horizontal relationship where blood is distributed to the grandson of his upper grandparents. This paper proves by a non-orthogonal symmetric weighted Hadamard matrix of whether the stone in the middle of a field wall has large stones (small).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.167-174
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• 2019

The propose od this study was to examine the extent of using physical restraint on elderly patients (over 65 years old) and who were patients in long-term care hospitals. The data was collected, from March 3 2018 to March 29 2018, from the electronic nursing records by using a recording tool, and clinical observation was also used for assessing the use of physical restraint and the related factors. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and logistic regression were then performed. The usage rate for physical restraints in long-term care hospital was 83.7%, and the most common type of physical restraint was side rails. The use of physical restraints showed a positive correlation with the fall risk scores and a negative correlation with the MMSE. Logistic regression analysis showed that the Fall Risk Score (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01~1.03), MMSE (OR=0.94, CI=0.88~0.99) and the use of medical devices (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.65~0.98) were related with using physical restraints. Therefore, it was confirmed that physical restraint was used in cases of a high risk of falling, severe cognitive impairment and the use of complex and fragile medical devices to treat the patient. Clinical nursing practice should be changed so that treatment alternatives can be applied for elderly patients rather than using too many physical restraints.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to infer the aspects and significance of Musa basjoo of latter part of Chosun Dynasty by analyzing the planting tendency and planting location of Musa basjoos drawn in total 77 old paintings and the characteristics of the paintings where Musa basjoos appeared, while trying to understand symbolic meanings of floral languages as well as the images and significance of Musa basjoos which appeared in the prose and poetry of Chosun Dynasty, and the results are as follows; With its floral languages of 'waiting', 'parting' and 'beauty', Musa basjoo represented the wealth and resuscitation and it aroused the elegance of hermits in its Taoistic sense. And it also represented 'the unworldliness to get out of transient human affairs' in its Buddhistic sense. Musa basjoos which appeared in 'Garden Custom Painting(庭園雅集圖)', 'Gosa Figure Painting(故事人物圖)' and 'Gyehoe Painting(契會圖)' is considered a device to increase the unworldly atmosphere of gardens and to dignify the elegant meetings of scholars, reflected by the high appearance frequencies of cranes and deer. And it seems that the meaning of Musa basjoo in certain paintings like 'Life-time Paintings(平生圖)', 'Castle City Painting(盛市圖), and 'Cultivating and Weaving Painting(耕織圖)' is an aspiration for wealth and prosperity, and the Musa basjoos planted in temples are considered to have symbolic meanings of aspiration for 'Salvation through Belief' as well as a unworldly meaning which reminds the transiency of human affairs. In addition, the expected effect of experiencing 'the sound of rain falling on the leaves of Musa basjoo' has been pursued, which can be confirmed by the fact that Firmiana simlex with wide leaves similar to Musa basjoo can be frequently spotted near the houses. Meanwhile, Musa basjoos seem to have been planted mainly in front garden or side garden around detached house and Musa basjoos inside the houses seem to have been planted mainly in right side when viewed from the entrance, in relation with the location of bedrooms where it is easier to hear the sounds from the right side of the environment. And the paintings where Musa basjoos appear with strange rocks and bizarre stones among other things have greater part of all the paintings, which is considered a kind of intentional landscaping and a product of mixed materials for elegant appreciation. And the major characters of the painting were involved in the activities of scholars such as arts, and the activities of minor characters were greatly related to their everyday lives. Musa basjoo of Chosun Dynasty in $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century was one of the symbols necessary for description of gardens. And it provided the images of rainy scenes together with scholar culture which had a meaning of self-discipline, and it is assumed that the planting of Musa basjoo with the spirit of cease lessen deavor of a new leaf pushing up the tree and the spirit of resuscitation had the same trace of wheels in the city space of our country as the decline of scholar culture of Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.111-121
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• 2001

Rockfall protection fences are used for diminishing rockfall damage in roads side slopes. In order to install the fences in effective way, the conditions of rock slopes and total predicted impact energy of fa11ing rock should be considered. However, the fences have been constructed without any consideration for lithology, height and slope angle of rock slope in Korea. In addition, the information about the performance of the protection fences, which should be evaluated by in-situ test or laboratory test in order to check out the practical use in the field, is not available. Therefore, in design manual for the rockfall protection fence, the specific details for the installation of this type of fence are not provided yet. The full sized rockfall in situ test was carried out for the calculation of falling energy of rock and the evaluation of the maximum energy absorbing capacity of fence. For this test, the rock slopes whose heights are about 20 m and dip angle of 65 degree, have been chosen. This is because those geometries are mean height and slope angle of most road cut slopes along Korean national highway. Based on the preliminary simulation procedure, four different sizes of concrete ball (0.7, 1.3, 2.3 and 4.3 ton) were prepared and flour different types of protection fence were constructed. The results of this test provide information about the maximum energy absorbing capacity of the fence, kinetic energy of rockfall and restitution coefficient, and these results can be utilized in the establishment of rockfall fence design and construction manual.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity in the lower extremity during walking wearing jogging and roller shoes. Twelve male middle school students (age: 15.0 yrs, height 173.7 cm, weight 587.7 N) who have no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the subjects. Seven pairs of surface electrodes (QEMG8, Laxtha Korea, gain = 1,000, input impedance >$1012{\Omega}$, CMMR >100 dB) were attached to the right-hand side of the body to monitor the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial (GM) and lateral gastrocnemius (GL) while subjects walked wearing roller and jogging shoes in random order at a speed of 1.1 m/s. An event sync unit with a bright LED light was used to synchronize the video and EMG recordings. EMG data were filtered using a 10 Hz to 350 Hz Butterworth band-passdigital filter and further normalized to the respective maximum voluntary isometric contraction EMG levels. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the recording. Averaged IEMG and peak IEMG were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between shoe conditions (p<.05). The VM, TA, BF, and GM activities during the initial double limb stance and the initial single limb stance reduced significantly when going from jogging shoe to roller shoe condition. The decrease in EMG levels in those muscles indicated that the subjects locked the ankle and knee joints in an awkward fashion to compensate for the imbalance. Muscle activity in the GM for the roller shoe condition was significantly greater than the corresponding value for the jogging shoe condition during the terminal double limb stance and the terminal single limb stance. Because the subjects tried to keep their upper body weight in front of the hip to prevent falling backward, the GM activity for the roller shoe condition increased. It seems that there are differences in muscle activity between roller shoe and jogging shoe conditions. The differences in EMG pattern may be caused primarily by the altered position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. Future studies should examine joint kinematics during walking with roller shoes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2007

Nonlinear shoaling characteristics over surf zone are numerically investigated based on spatially averaged NavierStokes equation. We also test the validity of gradient model for turbulent stresses due to wave breaking using the data acquainted during SUPERTANK LABORATORY DATA COLLECTION PROJECT(Krauss et al., 1992). It turns out that the characteristics length scale of breaking induced current is not negligible, which firmly stands against ever popular gradient model, ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model, but favors Large Eddy Simulation with finer grid. Based on these observations, we model the residual stress of spatially averaged NavierStokes equation after Lagrangian Dynamic Smagorinsky(Meneveau et al., 1996). We numerically integrate newly proposed wave equations using SPH with Gaussian kernel function. Severely deformed water surface profile, free falling water particle, queuing splash after landing of water particle on the free surface and wave finger due to structured vortex on rear side of wave crest(Narayanaswamy and Dalrymple, 2002) are successfully duplicated in the numerical simulation of wave propagation over uniform slope beach, which so far have been regarded very difficult features to mimic in the computational fluid mechanics.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1B
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• pp.95-109
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• 2008

We numerically analyzed the nonlinear shoaling, a plunging breaker and its accompanying energetic suspension of sediment at a bed, and a redistribution of suspended sediments by a down rush of preceding waves and the following plunger using SPH with a Gaussian kernel function, Lagrangian Dynamic Smagorinsky model (LDS), Van Rijn's pick up function. In that process, we came to the conclusion that the conventional model for the tractive force at a bottom like a quadratic law can not accurately describe the rapidly accelerating flow over a swash zone, and propose new methodology to accurately estimate the bottom tractive force. Using newly proposed wave model in this study, we can successfully duplicate severely deformed water surface profile, free falling water particles, a queuing splash after the landing of water particles on the free surface and a wave finger due to the structured vortex on a rear side of wave crest (Narayanaswamy and Dalrymple, 2002), a circulation of suspended sediments over a swash zone, net transfer of sediments clouds suspended over a swash zone toward the offshore, which so far have been regarded very difficult features to mimic in the computational fluid mechanics.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2024

Background: This study investigated a safe and effective bolus dose and lockout time for patient-controlled sedation (PCS) with dexmedetomidine for dental treatments. The depth of sedation, vital signs, and patient satisfaction were investigated to demonstrate safety. Methods: Thirty patients requiring dental scaling were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups based on bolus doses and lockout times: group 1 (low dose group, bolus dose 0.05 ㎍/kg, 1-minute lockout time), group 2 (middle dose group, 0.1 ㎍/kg, 1-minute), and group 3 (high dose group, 0.2 ㎍/kg, 3-minute) (n = 10 each). ECG, pulse, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, end-tidal CO₂, respiratory rate, and bispectral index scores (BIS) were measured and recorded. The study was conducted in two stages: the first involved sedation without dental treatment and the second included sedation with dental scaling. Patients were instructed to press the drug demand button every 10 s, and the process of falling asleep and waking up was repeated 1-5 times. In the second stage, during dental scaling, patients were instructed to press the drug demand button. Loss of responsiveness (LOR) was defined as failure to respond to auditory stimuli six times, determining sleep onset. Patient and dentist satisfaction were assessed before and after experimentation. Results: Thirty patients (22 males) participated in the study. Scaling was performed in 29 patients after excluding one who experienced dizziness during the first stage. The average number of drug administrations until first LOR was significantly lower in group 3 (2.8 times) than groups 1 and 2 (8.0 and 6.5 times, respectively). The time taken to reach the LOR showed no difference between groups. During the second stage, the average time required to reach the LOR during scaling was 583.4 seconds. The effect site concentrations (Ce) was significantly lower in group 1 than groups 2 and 3. In the participant survey on PCS, 8/10 in group 3 reported partial memory loss, whereas 17/20 in groups 1 and 2 recalled the procedure fully or partially. Conclusion: PCS with dexmedetomidine can provide a rapid onset of sedation, safe vital sign management, and minimal side effects, thus facilitating smooth dental sedation.