• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2021

In order to address many issues associated with large volume changes of silicon, which has very low electrical conductivity but offers about 10 times higher theoretical capacity than graphite (Gr), a silicon nanoparticles/hollow carbon (SiNP/HC) composite having bimodal-mesopores was prepared using silica nanoparticles as a template. A control SiNP/C composite without a hollow structure was also prepared for comparison. The physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of SiNP/HC were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements for surface area and pore size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, galvanostatic cycling, and cyclic voltammetry tests to compare them with those of the SiNP/C composite. The SiNP/HC composite showed significantly better cycle life and efficiency than the SiNP/C, with minimal increase in electrode thickness after long cycles. A hybrid composite, SiNP/HC@Gr, prepared by physical mixing of the SiNP/HC and Gr at a 50:50 weight ratio, exhibited even better cycle life and efficiency than the SiNP/HC at low capacity. Thus, silicon/carbon composites designed to have hollow spaces capable of accommodating volume expansion were found to be highly effective for long cycle life of silicon-based composites. However, further study is required to improve the low initial coulombic efficiency of SiNP/HC and SiNP/HC@Gr, which is possibly because of their high surface area causing excessive electrolyte decomposition for the formation of solid-electrolyte-interface layers.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.798-803
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• 2018

In order to use Si as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, the particle size was controlled to less than $0.5{\mu}m$ and carbon was coated on the surface with the thickness less than 10 nm. The carbon fiber was grown on the Si surface with 50~150 wt%, and the carbon coating was carried out once again. The Si composite material was mixed with dissimilar metals to increase the conductivity, and graphite was mixed to improve cyclic life characteristics. The physical and electrochemical characteristics of composite materials were measured with XRD, SEM, TEM and coin cell. The discharge capacity of Si/PC/CNF/PC was lower than that of Si/PC (Pyrolytic Carbon)/CNF (Carbon Nano Fiber). However, the cyclic life of Si/PC/CNF/PC was higher. Initial discharge capacity of 1512 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C rate and initial efficiency of 78% were shown. It also showed a capacity retention of 94% in 10 cycles.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.148-153
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• 2007

The effect of silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite fillers incorporation on the abrasive wear behaviour of glass-vinyl ester (G-V) composites have been investigated. The three-body abrasive wear behaviour was assessed by rubber wheel abrasion tests (RWAT). The worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of SiC and graphite fillers in G-V composite improves the abrasion resistance under different loads/abrading distances. The SEM studies indicate the reasons for failure of composites and influencing parameters.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.166-172
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• 2000

Friction characteristics of phenolic resin-based friction composites containing threedifferent relative amounts of graphite and zirconium silicate were investigated by using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Constant temperature test and constant interval test at three different initial temperatures(100. 200, 300$^{\circ}C$) were performed to examine the effects of friction heat on friction characteristics at elevated temperature. The friction composite(FMO.7) with higher content of ZrSiO$_4$showed unstable friction force at higher temperature and resulted in larger fluctuations of vibration during friction test. The abrasive action of ZrSiO$_4$in friction composite impeded stable transfer film and induced higher friction heat at friction interface. Friction oscillations according to the temperature were associated with the formation of transfer film(i'd body layer) on the friction composite and the counter part.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1588-1598
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• 1994

The SiC/MoSi2 composite materials were fabricated by infiltrating the mixture of molybdenum disilicide and metal silicon(MoSi2+Si=100) to a porous compact of silicon carbide and graphite under the vacuum atmosphere of 10-1 torr. The specimen were oxidized in dry air under 1 atm at 130$0^{\circ}C$~150$0^{\circ}C$ for 240 hours. The oxidation behavior was evaluated by the weight gain and loss per unit area of the oxidized samples. Also, SEM and XRD analysis of the oxidized surface of the samples were carried out. With increasing the MoSi2 content and oxidation temperature, the passive oxidation was found. The trend of weight gain of all samples was followed the parabolic rate law with the formation of a protective layer of cristobalite on the surface.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1965-1968
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• 2008

The effects of carbon-coated silicon/graphite (Si/Gr.) composite anode on the electrochemical properties were investigated. The nanosized silicon particle shows a good cycling performance with a reasonable value of the first reversible capacity as compared with microsized silicon particle. The carbon-coated silicon/graphite composite powders have been prepared by pyrolysis method under argon/10 wt% propylene gas flow at $700{^{\circ}C}$ for 7 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the carbon layer thickness of 5 nm was coated uniformly onto the surface silicon powder. It is confirmed that the insertion of lithium ions change the crystalline silicon phase into the amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The carbon-coated composite silicon/graphite anode shows excellent cycling performance with a reversible value of 700 mAh/g. The superior electrochemical characteristics are attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and low volume change of silicon powder during cycling by carbon coating.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2007

SiO and graphite composite has been prepared by adopting high energy ball milling technique. The anode material shows high initial discharge and charge capacity values of 1138 and 568 mAh/g, respectively. Since the materials formed during initial discharge process the nano silicon/$Li_4SiO_3\;and\;Li_2O$ remains as interdependent, it may be expected that the composite exhibiting higher amount of irreversible capacity$(Li_2O)$ will deliver higher reversible capacity. In this study, pretreatment method of constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) Provided high coulombic efficiency of SiO/C composite electrode removing the greater part of irreversible capacity.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1474-1480
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• 2013

Silicon carbide (SiC)-zirconium diboride ($ZrB_2$) composites were prepared by subjecting a 60:40 vol% mixture of ${\beta}$-SiC powder and $ZrB_2$ matrix to spark plasma sintering (SPS) in 15 $mm{\Phi}$ and 20 $mm{\Phi}$ molds. The 15 $mm{\Phi}$ and 20 $mm{\Phi}$ compacts were sintered for 60 sec at $1500^{\circ}C$ under a uniaxial pressure of 50 MPa and argon atmosphere. Similar composites were simulated using $Flux^{(R)}$ 3D computer simulation software. The current and power densities of the specimen sections of the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were higher than those of the mold sections of the 15 $mm{\Phi}$ and 20 $mm{\Phi}$ mold simulated specimens. Toward the centers of the specimen sections, the current densities in the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites increased. The power density patterns of the specimen sections of the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were nearly identical to their current density patterns. The current densities of the 15 $mm{\Phi}$ mold of the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were higher than those of the 20 $mm{\Phi}$ mold in the center of the specimen section. The volume electrical resistivity of the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composite was about 7.72 times lower than those of the graphite mold and the punch section. The power density, 1.4604 $GW/m^3$, of the 15 $mm{\Phi}$ mold of the simulated SiC-$ZrB_2$ composite was higher than that of the 20 $mm{\Phi}$ mold, 1.3832 $GW/m^3$. The $ZrB_2$ distributions in the 20 $mm{\Phi}$ mold in the sintered SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were more uniform than those of the 15 $mm{\Phi}$ mold on the basis of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The volume electrical resistivity of the 20 $mm{\Phi}$ mold of the sintered SiC-$ZrB_2$ composite, $6.17{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}cm$, was lower than that of the 15 $mm{\Phi}$ mold, $9.37{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, at room temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.213-213
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• 2000

Direct laser vaporization of transition-metal(Co, Ni)/graphite composite pellet produced single wall carbon naotubes(SWNT) in the condensing vapor in a heated flow cylinder-type tube furnace, Transition metal/graphite composite pellet target was made by mixing graphite, Co, and Ni in 98:1:1 atomic weight ratios, pressing the mixed powder, and curing it. The target was placed in a tube furnace maintained at 1200$^{\circ}C$ and Ar inert collision gas continuously flowed into the tube. The 2nd harmonic, 532nm wavelength light from Nd-YAG laser was used to vaporize the tube. The carbon nanotubes produced by the laser vaporization were accumulated on quartz tube wall. The raw carbon nanotube materials were purified with surfactants(Triton X-100) in a ultrasonicator. These carbon nanotubes were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopic method. The carbon nanotube growth on the Ni-patterned Si substrate was investigated by the CVD process. Transition-metal, Ni and CH4 gas were used as a catalyst and a reactant gas, respectively. The structure and the phonon frequencies of the carbon nanotubes formed on the patterned Si substrate were measured by SEM and Raman spectrometer.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2022

Utilization of high-voltage electrolyte additive(s) at a small fraction is a cost-effective strategy for a good solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and performance improvement of a lithium-rich layered oxide-based high-energy lithium-ion cell by avoiding the occurrence of metal-dissolution that is one of the failure modes. To mitigate metal-dissolution, we explored fluorinated dual-additives of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate (DFDEC) for building-up of a good SEI in a 4.7 V full-cell that consists of high-capacity silicon-graphite composite (15 wt% Si/C/CF/C-graphite) anode and Li_1.13Mn_0.463Ni_0.203Co_0.203O₂ (LMNC) cathode. The full-cell including optimum fractions of dual-additives shows increased capacity to 228 mAhg^-1 at 0.2C and improved performance from the one in the base electrolyte. Surface analysis results find that the SEI stabilization of LMNC cathode induced by dual-additives leads to a suppression of soluble Mn²⁺-O formation at cathode surface, mitigating metal-dissolution event and crack formation as well as structural degradation. The SEI and structure of Si/C/CF/C-graphite anode is also stabilized by the effects of dual-additives, contributing to performance improvement. The data give insight into a basic understanding of cathode-electrolyte and anode-electrolyte interfacial processes and cathode-anode interaction that are critical factors affecting full-cell performance.