• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of soil stabilization method for soft shoulder construction in the iRoad Project of Sri Lanka. METHODS : Firstly, the quantitative analysis of soil strength improvement due to soil stabilization was done for soil samples collected from iRoad construction sites. Two types of soils were selected from iRoad Project sites and prepared for soil stabilization testing by the Road Development Authority. Secondly, the appropriate stabilizer was selected at given soil type based on test results. Two different stabilizers, ST-1 and ST-2, produced in Korea were used for estimating soil strength improvements. Finally, the optimum stabilizer content was determined for improving shoulder performance. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to evaluate the strength of stabilized soil samples in accordance with ASTM D 1633. The use of bottom ash as a stabilizer produced from power plant in Sri Lanka was also reviewed in this task. RESULTS : It is found from the UCS testing that a 3% use of soil stabilizer can improve the strength up to 2~5 times in stabilized soft shoulder soils with respect to unstabilized soils. It is also observed from UCS testing that the ST-1 shows high strength improvement in 3% of stabilizer content but the strength improvement rate with increase of stabilizer content is relatively low compared with ST-2. The ST-2 shows a low UCS value at 3% of content but the UCS values increase significantly with increase of stabilizer content. When using the ST-2 as stabilizing agent, the 5% is recommended as minimum content based on UCS testing results. Based on the testing results for bottom ash replacement, the stabilized sample with bottom ash shows the low strength value. CONCLUSIONS : This paper is intended to check the feasibility for use the soil stabilization technique for shoulder construction in Sri Lanka. The use of soil stabilizer enables to improve the durability and strength in soft shoulder materials. When applying the bottom ash as a soil stabilizer, various testings should be conducted to satisfy the specification criteria.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.815-823
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• 2015

This study aimed to examine the most effective exercise method for shoulder joint rehabilitation by comparatively observing activity of shoulder stabilizer muscles during push up and push up plus exercises under diverse stable conditions. The subjects were 20 healthy adults students who went to M university. While the subjects conducted push up and push up plus exercises under diverse stable conditions(a stable surface, a support of 25cm height, a support of 30 cm height and a balance pad), activities of the upper trapezius muscle, pectoralis major muscle, serratus anterior muscle, and triceps brachii muscle were recorded. During push up and push up plus exercises, activities of the stabilizer muscles were higher when the stable condition was changed rather than on the stable surface. In particular, when the support of 30cm height and balance pads were applied, activity of the shoulder stabilizer was highest. There were significant differences in the upper trapezius muscle and triceps brachii muscle during the push up exercise(p<.05) and in the serratus anterior muscle during the push up plus exercise(p<.05). Activities of the shoulder stabilizers were higher when the upper and lower limbs' surface stable conditions were changed than the stable surface. Therefore, when programs for rehabilitation of shoulder joints are applied, provision of diverse stable conditions according to patients' conditions will be effective methods.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.315-324
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• 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the activation of shoulder stabilizer muscles to variations of manual resistance during three-dimensional shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Methods: A total of 13 participants were included in this study. To normalize each muscle's activity, a maximal isometric voluntary contraction was performed by all participants. After receiving 30 minutes of training in three-dimensional shoulder rehabilitation exercises, participants randomly performed PNF arm and scapular patterns according to the intensities of manual resistance. The activities of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior were measured during these patterns. All exercises were performed for five seconds, and the average of three seconds, excluding the first and last seconds, was used for data analysis. Results: Lower trapezius activity was significant among manual resistance intensities. In both the PNF arm and scapular patterns, using 80% manual resistance of maximum resistance showed higher activity of the lower trapezius muscle compared to 20% of the maximum resistance. Conclusion: It is expected that PNF arm and scapular patterns, with varying intensities of manual resistance, can be used for early rehabilitation of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was compared for rounded scapular between strechting on pectoralis minoor and strengthening on scapular stabilizer muscles. Methods : The main laboratory had an experiment of the exercise for rounded shoulder posture with 30 patients on a pectoralis minor stretching and scapula to stabilize the elastic band to divide into two groups in this study which were conducted. Results : Acromial height measured from changes of the rounded shoulder posture changes before and after workouts; stretching before exercise in the exercise group is from $94.19{\pm}3.47$ to after result of $94.84{\pm}3.19$, and the after exercise of an elastic band pre-exercise in the exercise group is from $93.60{\pm}3.42$ to $88.68{\pm}3.49$, dividing into two groups, which increased significantly. Compared to an acromial height variation results before and after workouts; stretching exercise group made $3.07{\pm}1.43$, $4.91{\pm}2.24$ and elastic band exercise group, $4.91{\pm}2.24$, which shows the difference between the two groups and was not statistically significant. Conclusion : Against a pectoralis minor that cause the findings of this study, RSP proximately shows serratus anterior and the strengthening of trapezius by exercises of the shoulder peaks which decrease in height arbitration scheme of a pectoralis minor stretching effect as shown. Therefore, it is expected RSP patients in clinical intervention methods combined with stretching exercises strengthens muscles against an elastic band exercise effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate effects of shoulder adduction load on rotator cuff muscles, including the infraspinatus, during the external rotation exercise of shoulder. METHODS: This study investigated 16 healthy university students from Daegu University. Before the study started, all participants understood the content of this study. They signed an informed consent form. Five electrodes for surface electromyography (sEMG) were attached to their infraspinatus, middle deltoid, posterior deltoid, upper trapezius and pectoralis major. The participants then underwent the shoulder external rotation exercise with the shoulder adduction at three loads (0 mmHg, 20 mmHg and 40 mmHg) that were controlled using a stabilizer Pressure $Bio-feedback^{TM}$ device. The surface electrodes recorded the electromyographic data during the external rotation exercise of shoulder. RESULTS: The infraspinatus was most activated when the shoulder adduction pressure was 40 mmHg during the external rotation exercise of shoulder. The infraspinatus activation significantly increased when the shoulder adduction pressure intensity increased, while the middle deltoid activation and the posterior deltoid activation significantly decreased (p<.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, increases in shoulder adduction load intensity during shoulder external rotation exercises can have a positive effect on the infraspinatus, which consists of rotator cuff muscles, with minimal activity in the middle and posterior deltoid.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.9-10
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• 2007

• 대한관절경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.23-28
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• 2008

1. 손상받은 조직을 보호하면서 동시에 주위 조직과의 유착을 방지하고 soft tissue의 pliability를 유지시켜 관절 운동 범위를 향상하기 위해 통증을 유발하지 않는 범위 내에서 부드러운 수동 관절 운동을 먼저 실시한다. 2. 모든 재활 프로그램은 환자의 개개인의 특성에 맞춰 운동 내용과 시기를 조정해야 한다. : Important to individualize rehab. program. 3. 능동적 관절운동 (active ROM)은 수술한 조직이 치유될 충분한 시간이 경과되었거나 환자가 통증없이 독립적인 견관절 운동이 가능할 때 실시한다. 4. Strengthening of the dynamic stabilizer(muscles around shoulder joint) 가 모든 shoulder instability 재활에 가장 기본적인 요소이다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.341-347
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the change to the muscle activity from the serratus anterior(SA) of 5th and 7th, upper trapezius(UT), middle trapezius(MT) lower trapezius (LT), and pectoralis major(PM) when push-up plus exercise(PUP) is performed in four postures. 25 healthy, young participants performed various PUP convergence exercise(general posture, $90^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$ and BOSU). The muscle activity of the shoulder stability muscles was measured using a surface EMG analysis system during various PUP convergence exercise. One-way repeated-measure of ANOVA was conducted to comparison the activity of each muscle. There was significant difference in SA7, PM, UT, and MT (p <.05) during various PUP. The muscle activity of SA7 had a significance difference between PUP and $90^{\circ}PUP$ or BOSUPUP respectively (p <.05). The muscle activity of PM had a significance difference between $90^{\circ}PUP$ and PUP or BOSUPUP (p <.05). The muscle activity of UT had a significance differnce between $90^{\circ}PUP$ and PUP or BOSUPUP (p <.05). The muscle activity of MT had a significance differnce between $90^{\circ}PUP$ and PUP and also significantly difference PUP and $120^{\circ}PUP$(p <.05). These results suggest that general PUP can be a useful to improve to scapular stabilizer muscle in who has no shoulder dysfunction.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare therapeutic climbing exercise and general isometric exercise in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: Among 20 adults, study subjects were arbitrarily classified into an experimental group of 10 and a control group of 10. The control group performed general isometric exercise (ISE) and the experimental group performed therapeutic climbing exercise (TC) (3 sets, 3 times per week for 8 weeks). To evaluate the effects of exercise, subjects were evaluated using a Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH), a goniometer for range of motion, and shoulder activity measured serratus anterior, upper trapezius, and lower trapezius. Independent and paired t-test were used for comparison of the effect between groups. Results: DASH scores showed a significant decrease in both groups after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001) and significant difference was observed between the TC groups (p<0.01). Flexion and abduction were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the ISE group (p<0.001) and flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the TC group (p<0.001). Serratus anterior and lower trapezius activity were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001) and upper trapezius activity was not significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the ISE group (p>0.05). Serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and upper trapezius activity were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the TC group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Scapular stabilizing exercise using a therapeutic climbing exercise increases range of motion and decreases DASH, and increases activity of shoulder muscles in patients with impingement syndrome.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2007

This study was carried out to compare the muscle activities of the shoulder stabilizers between persons with and without winging scapular during push-up plus exercise (adds the scapular protraction to the general push-up exercise). For this study, eleven males with winging scapular and eleven healthy males were recruited. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and pectoralis major while the subjects performed the push-up plus. Each push-up plus was subdivided into three phases according to the elbow position which was measured using the 3-D motion analysis system: elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), and shoulder protraction phases (SP). Two-way repeated measure ANOVA (phase ${\times}$ group) were used for statistical analysis. There was significant phase by group interaction only on the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior (p>.05). The EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior was significantly higher in SP than in either EF or EE however, it was not different between winging scapular and normal groups. For both groups, the EMG composition ratio of upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major was significantly different across the phases of push-up plus, but the infraspinatus EMG composition ratio was not. For both groups, in EF and EE phases, the EMG composition ratio of both pectoralis major and serratus anterior were relatively higher than that of other muscles. However, in both groups, the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior became much more predominant than that of the pectoralis major. In addition, infraspinatus activated greater than pectoralis major. These results showed that the push-up plus exercise is effective to selectively strengthen the serratus anterior for both individuals with and without winging scapular, but not equally effective for other shoulder stabilizers.