• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.298-300
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• 2021

The Ministry of National Defense decided to build a realistic combat simulation training system based on virtual reality and augmented reality in accordance with the expansion of the scientific training system of "Defense Reform 2.0". The realistic combat simulation training system should be able to maximize the tension and training effect as in actual combat through engagement between trainers. In addition, it should be possible to increase the effectiveness of survival training at the same time as shooting training similar to actual combat through cover training. Previous studies are suitable techniques to improve the shooting precision of the trainee, but it is difficult to practice bilateral engagement like in actual combat, and it is particularly insufficient for combat shooting training using cover. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a S/W algorithm for generating a virtual avatar by recognizing the shooting posture of the opponent on the screen of the virtual shooting trainer. This S/W algorithm can recognize the trainer and the cover based on the depth information acquired through the depth sensor and estimate the trainer's posture.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.263-271
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• 2021

Optoelectronic shooting training systems are used in shooting training sites to improve the accuracy of shooting by tracking the trajectories of gun movements. However, optoelectronic-based systems have limitations in terms of cost, complexity of installation, and the risk that electronic targets may be broken. In this study, we developed and verified a shooting training system that measures postural tremors using a low-cost accelerometer. The acceleration sensor module was designed to be attached to the air cylinder of a gun. Postural tremors were evaluated based on amplitude, frequency, and spatial pattern index, which were computed using acceleration data. The postural tremor indices between the accelerometer and optoelectronic-based system were highly correlated (left-right and up-down directions: r = 0.76 and r = 0.70, respectively). We validated the developed shooting training system using an independent two-sample t-test, which identified a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the calculated postural tremor index according to the athlete's shooting score (i.e., best and worst shots).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic factors of motion during air pistol shooting. Method: This study aimed to investigate changes in forces during movement and determine the factors that affect changes in force during the first, middle, and last periods of shooting an air pistol. Two ground reaction force systems (force platform), SCATT (a shooting training system), and EMG (electromyogram) to measure the action potentials in the muscles of the upper body were used in this study. Four university air pistol players (age: 19.75 years, height: 175.50 cm, body mass: $69.55{\pm}11.50kg$, career length: $6.25{\pm}6years$) who are training to progress to a higher rank were enrolled. Results: In terms of the actual shooting results, the mean score in the middle section was $42.48{\pm}1.74$ points, higher than those in the first and the last periods when using SCATT. The gunpoint moved 13.48 mm more vertically than horizontally in the target trajectory. With respect to action potentials of muscles measured using EMG, the highest action potentials during the aiming-shooting segments, in order higher to lower, were seen in the trapezius (intermediate region), trapezius (superior region), deltoid (lateral), and triceps brachii (long head). The action potentials of biceps brachii and brachioradialis turned out to be high during grasping motion, which is a preparatory stage. During the final segment, muscle fatigue appeared in the deltoid (lateral), biceps brachii (long head), brachioradialis, and trapezius (intermediate region). In terms of the ground reaction force, during the first period of shooting, there was a major change in the overall direction (left-right $F_x$, forward-backward $F_y$, vertical $F_z$) of the center of the mass. Conclusion: The development and application of a training program focusing on muscle groups with higher muscle fatigue is required for players to progress to a higher rank. Furthermore, players can improve their records in the first period if they take part in a game after warming up sufficiently before shooting in order to heighten muscle action potentials, and are expected to maintain a consistent shooting motion continuously by restoring psychological stability.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.54-62
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• 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of breathing training on the balance ability, lung capacity, and shooting score of shooting athletes. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty shooters were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Both the experimental group and the control group performed trunk stabilization exercise, and the experimental group received breathing training during exercise. Balance ability, lung capacity, and shooting score were measured before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant difference in the forced expiratory volume at one second(FEV1), forced vital capacity(FVC) before and after intervention in the experimental group. In the comparison between the two groups, there was a significant difference in FVC between the control group and the control experimental group. Conclusion: The application of breathing training was effective in improving the lung capacity of shooters.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2010

There are many researches related to a simulated shooting training system for replacing the real military and police shooting training. In this paper, we propose the point of impact from a simulated shooting target based on image processing instead of using a sensor based approach. The point of impact is extracted by analyzing the image extracted from the camera on the muzzle of a gun. The final shooting result is calculated by mapping the target and the coordinates of the point of impact. The recognition system is divided into recognizing the projection zone, extracting the point of impact on the projection zone, and calculating the shooting result from the point of impact. We find the vertices of the projection zone after converting the captured image to the binary image and extract the point of impact in it. We present the extracting process step by step and provide experiments to validate the results. The experiments show that exact vertices of the projection area and the point of impact are found and a conversion result for the final result is shown on the interface.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.62-71
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• 2018

The rapid growth of virtual reality technology in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution has accelerated scientification of combat training systems in addition to ICT(information and communications technology) in military field. Recently, research and development of simulators based on virtual reality have been actively conducted in order to solve sensitive issues such as increase of civil complaints due to the noise of a shooting range, prevention of shooting accident, and reduction of training cost. In this paper, we propose two key solutions: spatial synchronization method and modified point mass trajectory model with small angle approximation to overcome technical limitations of a current training simulator. A trainee who wears a haptic vest in a mixed reality environment built in MARS(medium-range assault rifle shooting simulator) is able to conduct not only precision shooting but also two-way engagement with virtual opponents. It is possible for trainee to receive more reliable evaluations in the MARS than an existing rifle simulator based on laser.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.833-839
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• 2014

The shooting noise caused by shooting training, which has strength and impacts, is becoming a serious damage to the residents around the shooting range and, consequently, the number of civil appeals against the shooting noise is on the constant increase. For this reason, the military examines the effects of the shooting noise at the stage of design in constructing a shooting range and tries to build a soundproof shooting range to minimize civil appeals. However, the lack of research and data concerning propagation and attenuation, both of which characterize the shooting noise from within a soundproof shooting range, even makes it so difficult to design a soundproof shooting range in constructing it. So this study used an acoustic simulation in a soundproof shooting range to identify acoustic and propagation characteristics within the shooting range and, on this basis, predicted the noise level at an exit of the soundproof shooting range. As a result, if the form and specifications of a soundproof shooting range were decided on at the stage of design, it was possible to use a simulation to design a soundproof shooting range with optimized acoustic performance and, on this basis, to predict a sound pressure level at an exit of the soundproof shooting range. On the basis of these data, it is probably possible to determine the degree of the effects of the shooting noise on the villages around a shooting range and the extent of damage to it and to minimize civil appeals against the shooting noise and resolve the issues of compensation and agreement with ease. This study is expected to provide useful data for designing and constructing a similar soundproof shooting range.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2009

Civil petitions and law suits against the military rifle shooting noise have been increased because many military shooting ranges are located near civilian residential area. In order to solve the noise problems, military have devised various methods. In this study, propagation properties of rifle shot through atmosphere were investigated. The military rifle shooting noise level at 5m from muzzle was between $l14{\sim}120dB$ in all directions. The noise level loom both backward and sideward away from system firing range consisting lines of 8 shooting locations were 90dB, when shots were all fired within 10 seconds. At present some of military bases established sound barriers, muzzle enclosures, silencers, and indoor shooting ranges to reduce noises and these prevention methods can reduce noise by $5{\sim}20dB,\;5{\sim}9dB,\;5{\sim}13dB,\;40{\sim}50dB$, respectively. Even though indoor shooting range has the best performance, it requires very expensive construction cost and has short length between target and shooter. In comparison, muzzle enclosure is cheap, but because it is installed in fixed position it can only be used in one shooting position. Therefore a commander should select appropriate methods to reduce military rifle shooting noise considering distance from residential area to the range, mission of military training, budget, etc.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2023

Safety standards for long-range artillery ammunition test and training sites follow the US artillery shooting range safety zone standards. Although the South Korean geographical conditions of shooting ranges are different from those of the United States, there is no safety standard reflecting the South Korean topographical characteristics. Probable error associated with the shooting range, trajectory should be considered in establishing the safety standards. In this study, we present the safety standards for the ammunition testing site suitable for the Korean situation, with applying a concept of trajectory and probable error differed by ammunition type, which are currently confirmed by the South Korean Army's artillery shooting.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.85-91
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• 2024

With the current surge in leisure sports activities involving firearms and the costly shooting practices in the military, there's a growing interest in using virtual reality as a cost-effective alternative. This study proposes a system that addresses the drawbacks of existing shooting practice setups, such as dim spaces and high installation costs, by making it feasible on large display screens. The system integrates IR receivers and guns for practice, ensuring usability and efficiency through an application. Additionally, an accuracy adjustment feature enhances precise coordination recognition. As a result, this cyber light gun system offers an affordable solution for outdoor training.