• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.275-285
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• 2021

COVID-19 is threatening the safety of ships and seafarers by delaying seafarer rotation. Shipping companies and governments have a blindspot in case of the onboard environment of seafarers. An effective, alternative plan should be devised to eliminate the possibility of human accidents in an emergency that threatens the safety of seafarers. According to the survey of former and current seafarers, the most important factor in boarding life was safety, and the most necessary thing during emergencies was to secure smooth seafarer rotation rather than improve wages and welfare. By analyzing the major routes of national shipping companies by continent, ports with a large number of calls and a high Air Connectivity Index were selected as the base port. In addition, the route was designed for effective, domestic seafarer rotation during international shipping. Other countries must be consulted to establish a travel route linking ships, ports, and airports for the safe return of sailors to their home countries during an emergency. In addition, it is necessary to work together for the seafarers who are in trouble of seafarer rotation through cooperation with the International Maritime Organization(IMO). Starting with this, the government should have a monitoring system for the return and non-return routes as well as the number of seafarers on board. If such a system is established, it will be able to determine the response direction of our country's policy in case of an emergency. Along with the shipping company's ef orts to improve the treatment of seafarers, national and social attention will be needed to review domestic laws and improve awareness about seafarers.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 2022

In 2021, the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), a U.N. advisory research institute, cited container loss as one of six sources of marine litters in shipping. The sinking of the X-P ress Pearl in May 2021 caused a catastrophic environmental pollution accident in which the loaded containers were moved to the shore, and the plastic pellets were loaded inside covered the coast of Sri Lanka. With this history, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will discuss prevention and follow-up measures for container loss during ship voyages, as an agenda at the 8th Sub Committee on Carriage of Cargoes and Containers meeting in September 2022. To establish Korea's response direction at the IMO meeting, this study identified major causes of container loss accidents, and considered the response through analysis based on the accident investigation report and related professional data. As a result, it was found that the major cause of container loss during voyages was the enlargement of container ships, bad weather, and poor loading of containers. In particular, the need to prepare countermeasures for the deterioration of the operational safety of large container ships due to bad weather was identified. Additionally, integrated monitoring of the implementation of international conventions is required, for the safe sea transportation of container cargo. In particular, in terms of preservation of the marine environment, it is necessary to supplement the system for the recovery of lost containers. Finally, it was found that it is necessary to establish systems that can complement each other in the shipbuilding and shipping industries, in terms of shipbuilding as well as ship operation, to fundamentally prevent container loss accidents at sea. It is judged that it is difficult to resolve the various factors of container loss at sea during voyages, by responding from an individual perspective.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.281-304
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• 2011

In the energy-climate era, pollution emissions from port activities have a significant issue in international shipping and port community. Thus international organization such as IMO and developed countries are seeking to develop various reduction strategies against air pollution. However Korea has recently conducted several studies concerning air pollution in port industry. The main purpose of the paper is to suggest emission reduction strategies for bulk terminal in Port of Incheon, which handles large amount bulk cargoes as a gateway for the metropolitan area. For this aim, the clean air strategies of the world major ports were considered and air pollution reduction strategies were suggested. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, the emission reduction strategies for container terminal are should be integrated based on technologies changes, operational changes and market-based measures. Second, the emission reduction strategies for bulk terminal can be effective when use innovative measures during loading, unloading and storage process such as telescopic cascade trimming chute, snake sandwich equipment, dry fog system and dome structure. Finally, investigation on actual conditions of air pollution in Korean ports and development of environmental evaluation scheme for persisting monitoring should be conducted.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.527-539
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• 2014

This study establishes the research model and sets up the hypothesis in order to analyze the effect of the type of mixed manning and the ratio of foreign crew on the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in ship organizations and the moderating effect of the acceptance and adaptation of cross-culture. For statistical hypothesis testing, it conducts a questionnaire survey targeting mixed manning ships and examines empirically the inter-variables relation through the regression. The result of empirical research is that the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the ship organization of Korean master(chief engineer) and foreign officers is higher than that of Korean master and officers. Moreover, it is found that the group cohesiveness of 31~50% foreign crew group is less than that of the others. However, There is no moderating effects of the acceptance and adaptation of cross-culture. Additionally, it demonstrates the higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the stronger cohesiveness groups. The finding suggests the rationale that shipping and ship management companies could raise the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment by moderating the type of mixed manning and the ratio of foreign crew.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2016

In Climate change is a global issue that requires global responses. As a key factor in climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have attracted increasing attention the international community. One of the crucial global efforts to alleviate climate change is the establishment of an international climate change regime, comprising rules, norms, principles, procedures that are applicable to a wide range of activities. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) received a mandate from the Kyoto Protocol to regulate shipping GHG emissions. However, the IMO Convention and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea also provide regulations on regarding GHG emissions. To execute its mandate, the IMO has developed various regulatory initiatives. In addition, the Chinese government has declared new regulations which designate parts of its coastal waters as emission control areas (ECA). Owing to the growing recognition of the benefits of ECA, ships, including ocean-going vessels that operate in areas near the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and the Bohai Sea will be obliged to use fuel containing less than 0.5% sulfur. China's shipping industry is playing a growing role in the international shipping market, and its response to these initiatives will have a substantial effect on the future application of these regulations. This study analyzed the GHG mandates of the IMO and the Chinese government, and then examines the main outcomes that have been achieved.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.545-552
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• 2015

This study One of the key elements of corporate competitiveness in the modern world of unlimited competition is human resource management. The reason that the world's leading companies are devoting a lot of investment and effort for good human resource development and management is that human resource can impact firm survival. In particular, there is little research on the internal and external environmental stimuli and job stress in the employee of small business which are often led to turnover, while they have suffered from chronic shortage of manpower. The purpose of this study is to determine the turnover factors in the small logistics companies and contribute to stable maintenance of workforce, facilitating human resource management and minimizing turnover. This study empirically analyzed the factors of the turnover in the organization of logistics companies from Busan Port, South Korea, which became one of the national infrastructure and the fifth world largest harbor. The conclusion proposed the development and direction of the human resource management which could promote the job environment improving the turnover factors and creating sustainable work condition through conducting preventive measures. The results indicated that the highest turnover rates was found in the category of field work, and the highest turnover group was from the 'less than one year', which implies that high turnover rates after and during job training might be greater cost to the companies than early turnover. The most common reasons for the high employee turnover were 'excessive workload' and 'dissatisfaction with wages'. Followed reasons including 'troubles with managers' and 'failure in organizational adaptation' can be understood in line with worse working conditions of the small logistic companies. It turned out that the preventive programs of the logistic enterprises had little effect through 'incentives system' and 'improving wage system' which are mainly conducted. The human resource managers appreciated the importance of 'wage raise' and 'benefits improvement'. This study is aimed at contributing to efficient human resource management through understanding of the turnover causes and human resource managers applying preventive measures. In particular, this can benefit small port logistics companies securing competitiveness and promoting persistent growth and development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-53
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• 1989

In the past twenty years, there has been a rapid increase in the volume of traffic in Korea due to the Korean great growth of the Korean economy. Since transformation provides an infrastructure vital to economic growth, it becomes more and more an integral part of the Korea economy. The importance of coastal shipping stands out in particular, not only because of the expansion limit on the road network, but also because of saturation in the capacity of rail transportation. In spite of this increase and its importance, coastal shipping is falling behind partly because it is givenless emphasis than ocean-going shipping and other inland transportation systems and partly because of overcompetition due to excessive ship tonnage. Therefore, estimating and planning optimum ship tonnage is the first take to develop Korean coastal shipping. This paper aims to estimate the optimum coastal ship tonnage by computer simulation and finally to draw up plans for the ship tonnage balance according to supply and demand. The estimation of the optimum ship tonnage is peformed by the method of Origin -Destimation and time series analysis. The result are as follows : (1) The optimum ship tonnage in 1987 was 358, 680 DWT, which is 54% of the current ship tonnage (481 ships, 662, 664DWT) that is equal to the optimum ship tonnage in 1998. this overcapacity result is in excessive competition and financial difficulties in Korea coastal shipping. (2) The excessive ship tonnage can be broken down into ship types as follows : oil carrier 250, 926 DWT(350%), cement carrier 9, 977 DWT(119%), iron material/machinery carrier 25, 665 DWT(117%), general cargo carrier 17, 416DWT(112%). (3) the current total ship crew of 5, 079 is more than the verified optimally efficient figure of 3, 808 by 1271. (4) From the viewpoint of management strategy, it is necessary that excessive ship tonnage be reduced and uneconomic outdated vessels be broken up. And its found that the diversion into economically efficient fleets is urgently required in order to meet increasing annual rate in the amounts of cargo(23, 877DWT). (5) The plans for the ship tonnage balance according to supply and demand are as follows 1) The establishment of a legislative system for the arrangement of ship tonnage. This would involve; (a) The announcement of an optimum tonnage which guides the licensing of cargo vessels and ship tonnage supply. (b) The establishment of an organization that substantially arrangement tonnage in Korea coastal shipping. 2) The announcement of an optimum ship tonnage both per year and short-term that guides current tonnage supply plans. 3) The settlement of elastic tariffs resulting in the protect6ion of coastal shipping's share from other tonnage supply plans. 4) The settlement of elastic tariffs resulting in the protection of coastal shipping's share from other transportation systems. 4) Restriction of ocean-going vessels from participating in coastal shipping routes. 5) Business rationalization of coastal shipping company which reduces uneconomic outdated vessels and boosts the national economy. If we are to achieve these ends, the followings are prerequisites; I) Because many non-licensed vessels are actually operating and threatening the safe voyage of the others in Korea coastal routes, it is necessary that those ind of vessels be controlled and punished by the authorities. II) The supply of ship tonnage in Korean coastal routes should be predently monitored because most of the coastal vessels are to small to be diverted into ocean-going routes in case of excessive supply. III) Every ship type which is engaged in coastal shipping should be specialized according to the characteristics of its routes as soon possible.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2021

In order for the users (shipping firms and shippers) and suppliers (stevedoring firms) in the container terminal industry to win-win, it is necessary to have some appropriate diverse market conditions for the industry. This study analyses the basic conditions and demand and supply characteristics of the industry and investigates the market performance of Busan container ports. First, this article analyses the basic characteristics of demand and supply. As the demand characteristics, there are five ones such as 1) exogeneity of demand, 2) function as export/import transportation and hub for transshipment, 3) increase of users' bargaining power, 4) high substituting elasticity, 5) reduction of volume growth. As the supply characteristics, there are seven ones such as 1) inelasticity of supply, 2) homogeneity of stevedoring services, 3) over-supply, 4) adoption of cutting-edge stevedoring technology, 5) scale economy and impossibility of storage, 6) labor market rigidity, 7) enhancing port's role in SCM. In addition, this study conducts the so-called structure-conduct-performance analysis. For the structure analysis, 1) lacks of scale economy in stevedoring companies, 2) high entry barrier, 3) strengthening of shipping firms' bargaining power, 4) transitory permission scheme for tariff are analyzed. For the conduct analysis, 1) price discrimination between export/import and transshipment, 2) mid-term length of terminal use contract, 3) continuous investment in equipment, 4) low level of cooperation among terminal operating firms are derived. For the performance analysis, 1) inequality in profitability, 2) reduction of export/import cost, 3) delay in adopting cutting-edge technology, 4) idle equipment are analyzed. Following this logical flow, the hypothesis that the market structure influences the market conduct is tested based on the actual dataset. As a future agenda in the conclusion, this article recommends the so-called port industrial policy.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2016

LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) bunkering has become an important issue with the enforcement of environment regulations in shipping industry required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). With increased attention on LNG bunkering, many studies that focus on safety, regulation, demand forecasting, and the feasibility of LNG fueled ships have been carried out. However, most of the existing research has not included considerations of the price of LNG bunkering and its competitiveness. This paper, therefore, suggests ways to increase price competitiveness in the LNG bunkering market in the Busan Port. This paper analyzes the LNG bunkering supply mechanism by investigating various LNG bunkering terminal business in the LNG supply market. Factors that determine LNG bunkering price and its elasticity are also identified. Market players who want to operate LNG bunkering terminals in the Busan Port should introduce a merchandising trade method that is able to exclude the "Korea premium" in order to increase price competitiveness. This paper also suggests adoptable strategies such as the use of TPS (Terminal to Ship via Pipeline) type of bunkering service and the importance of location for minimizing initial investment cost.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.418-428
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• 2016

In this study, a Vessel Shore Report Management System (VSRMS) is developed for the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Maritime Service Portfolio (MSP) Number 8, which comprises vessel shore reporting. Several documents have to be completed before the arrival/departure of a vessel at a port, as each national port has its own reporting format and data. The present vessel reporting system is inefficient, time-consuming, and involves excessive paperwork, which results in duplications and errors. To solve this problem, in this study, the vessel reporting formats and data contents of various national ports are investigated, as at present, the reporting documents required by the current IMO standard includes insufficient information which is requested by national ports. Initially, the vessel reporting information of various national ports are collected and analyzed. Subsequently, a database structure for managing vessel reporting data for ports worldwide is devised. To make the transfer of data and the exchange of information of vessel reports much more reliable, efficient, and paper-free, VSRMS, which is a software application for the simplification and facilitation of vessel report formalities, is developed. This application is developed using the latest Microsoft C#.Net Programming Language in the Microsoft Visual Studio framework 4.5. It provides a user interface and a backend MySQL server used for database management. SAP Crystal Reports 2013 is used for designing and generating vessel reports in the original report formats. The VSRMS can facilitate vessel reporting and improve data accuracy through the reduction of input data, efficient data exchange, and reduction of the cost of communication. Adoption of the VSRMS will allow the vessel shore reporting system to be automated, resulting in enhanced work efficiency for shipping companies. Based on this information system and architecture, the consensus of various international organizations, such as the IMO, the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), the Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents (FONASBA), and the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), is required so that vessel reporting is standardized internationally.