• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.852-857
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• 2011

The shipbuilding industry needs automation and mechanization to solve reduction of skilled workers and labor shortage. Ship manufacturing process is the lack of automation than standardized manufacturing field. In this paper, we design and development an process automation system for hand rail production. Mechanical parts of the cutting process was designed with efficiency, productivity and reliability, CATIA and ANSYS, the stability of the mechanical structure was confirmed. System control using a PCNC controller to provide an open and scalable, and operate using touch-screen display control and monitoring of the system was performed. The automatic system successfully passed the driving test and processing test, and it showed an excellent performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.163-167
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• 1999

The relational data model can't be applied to CAD/CAM, CE, and CIM since it can't support the semantic model concept such as complex object, random data definition, manipulation, version control, generalization, aggregation and so on. In this paper, the IPCS(Integrated Production Control System) for hand-rail of ship is parted into several module according to process function. further more, the object oriented data model is designed with UML(Unified Modeling Language). UML is the object oriented design methodology of industrial standard that combines the Booch's methodology, the Rumbaugh's On(Object Modeling Technique), and the Jacobson's OOSE(Object-Oriented Software Engineering) methodology. The efficient management is expected with object-oriented data model construction, since this developed system can achieve efficient process control, system maintenance, repair and extension.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.151-192
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• 2000

This study has been focused on the revisions and characteristics of the 7 non-maritime trade terms(EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAF, DDU and DDP) in Incoterms 2000. Main characteristics are as follows: First, the use of different expressions intended to convey the same meaning has been avoided and the same expressions as appear CISG have been used. Second, the content of preamble in each trade terms has been shortened and definitedly. Third, if the parties are going to use variants of trade terms in Incotrems 2000, the meanings should be made clear by adding explicit wording in the contract of sale. Main revisions of the 7 trade terms are as belows: First, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in EXW, the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises or another named place(i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. Second, in FCA, delivery is completed; a) If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the seller is responsible for loading. b) If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading. Third, in CPT and CIP, all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unloading costs and all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country are linked with the content under the contract of carriage. Fourth, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in DAF, the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. Fifth, Incoterms 2000 has emphasized that in DDU, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import(in DDP, cleared for import), and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. Sixth, if the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, FCA, CPT and CIP instead of FOB, CFR and CIF should be used.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2007

Recently, galvanizing method is predominantly being used not only a economical point of view but also due to it s stability and long life. For example, guard rail of high way, all kinds of structures for ship etc. were protected with galvanizing and demand of galvanized structural materials was being increased with more and more. However, galvanized structures were inevitably being deteriorated with time eventually because they were corroded with solution of galvanizing film and exfoliation of it s film in the present severe corrosive environment. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the corrosion resistance of the galvanizing film through various methods such as variation of chemical composition of galvanizing bath, chromate treatment and coating treatment. In this study, three test specimens such as pure galvanizing, galvarium, and chromate treatment were submerged at tap water with inhibitor addition. And the effect of their corrosion resistance improvement was comparatively investigated with electrochemical method. Corrosion current density of the galvanized steel was the largest among three specimens, however, the galvarium steel showed the lowest corrosion current density. Futhermore, these three kinds of test specimens indicated considerably excellent corrosion resistance by dipped at tap water with inhibitor addition. Especially, the galvanized steel showed the best effect of corrosion resistance improvement than other test specimens.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.53-74
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• 2009

INCOTERMS have been changed almost every 10 years since ICC established INCOTERMS as trade terms for International transaction. Recently transportation has become bigger, and modernized by means of electronic appliances such as RFID, IT, and containerization. FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA were added in INCOTERMS1980 and every conditions are unified into three alphabets in INCOTERMS1990. The best features of INCOTERMS2000 are that FCA substitute FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA and customs formalities were simplified to make clear for each party of contract. It seems that business circles still stick to old customs of their trade like FOB or CIF not only in Korea but in an international practice even though there have been several revisions of INCOTERMS until now. ICC have tried to provide INCOTERMS3000 to solve problems between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. This study has tried to suggest opinions against INCOTERMS3000 and has surveyed a recognition, an actual using situation and issues of INCOTERMS to get improvements. For a recognition of INCOTERMS has been spread as you can find at tables many kinds of business circles still stick to old customs of their trade terms FOB and CIF. Now there are two alternative plans. Firstly, we need to suggest improvements against inconsistency of INCOTERMS to be applied on newly revised INCOTERMS3000 and educating business circles to use proper conditions of INCOTERMS for their doing business. Secondly, we shall participate in revising INCOTERMS to activate multimodal transport conditions of INCOTERMS and provide solutions to fill gap between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. It seems that terms of multimodal transport such as FCA, CPT, or CIP can be a perfect condition for each party of contract. We have examined the inconsistent features of Ship's rail and notions of on board, and observed how to activate multimodal transport terms. These would be hot issues of next revision of INCOTERMS and we provided improvements on each trade terms, THC charges, or others against INCOTERMS.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-113
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• 2007

Recently, International institution such as IMO and major maritime countries have introduced various regulations and steps to reduce port pollution. However, recognition of environmental pollution from ports is not sufficient for Korean policy makers and port communities. The purpose of this paper is to examine solutions to port pollution problems and suggests some implications to Korean ports to become a green port. To this aim, necessity of regulation on environmental pollution from port operation; literature survey on port's environmental pollution; current conditions of international port pollution; various regulations and policies governing major ports are conducted in this paper. Our main findings are as follows; first, air pollution from ship can be reduced by providing electric power at docks while at berth, Second, in case of cargo-handling equipment, retire old equipment and switch to cleaner fuel such as low-sulfur fuel and diesel emulsions. Third, offering incentives for the installation of pollution controls and minimizing idling by enforcing idling limits or by installing idle shutoff controls can be recommended for reduction of air pollution of truck and rail at ports.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.6
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• pp.11-51
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• 1993

This study is focused on the problems and the suggestions of proper ideas for solving them which are arisen from appling CIF, Incoterms 1990 into the contract of sale after reviewing of the contents of traditional CIF contract and the main changes of CIF, Incoterms 1990. This study summerized as follows: First, when the seller provide the buyer with non-negotiable sea waybill or inland waterway document instead of negotiable bill of lading, it is my feeling that the essence of symbolic delivery in traditional CIF contract is fading. And if the buyer has paid for the goods in advance, or a bank wishes to use the goods as security for a loan extended to the buyer, it is not sufficient that the buyer or the bank be named as consignee in a non-negotiable document. This is true because the seller by new instractions to the carrier could replace the named consignee with someone else. To protect the buyer or the bank it is therefore necessary that the original instructions from the seller to the carrier to deliver the goods to the named consignee be irrevocable. Second, CIF term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship's rail serves no practical purposes such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, CIP term instead of CIF term is more appropriate to use. Third, the EDI method still contains many legal and technical problems to be solved in order to be used thoroughly' in the international sale of goods. Therefore, the parties wishing to replace the traditional paper-based trade documents by electronic messages must exchange the agreement on EDI each other in order to prevent and sol ye unexpected problems. Forth, it may be that the goods are to be carried in bulk without such marking or naming of consignee as would amount to appropriation. Then the risk will not pass until effective appropriation has been made. Therefore, the seller needs to appropriate by issuing of separate bills of lading or delivery orders for parts of the bulk cargo. And in case the goods are bought while they are carried at sea, some problems on the passing of risk would arise. One possibility is that the buyer might have to assume risks which have already occured at the time when the contract of sale is entered into force. The other possibility would be to let the pissing of the risk concide with the time when the contract of sale is concluded. The parties are advised to ascertain the applicable law and any solution which might follow there form. Finally, Incoterms are restricted to deal with the main principles for the division of functions, costs and risks between the parties and the rest is left to their individual contract as supplemented by the custom of the trade, the individual terms of the contract of sale and the applicable law. Thus, the parties are advised to ascertain the applicable law on their individual contract of sale in order to solve the problems on the transfer of property, the remedy and so on.