• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.33
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• pp.47-54
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• 2021

Purpose : In order to evaluate the usefulness of clinical application of the Pause & Resume methods by comparing and analyzing the data stability and dose reduction effect when repeat scan assuming irregular breathing and using the Pause & Resume method during chest 4D CT using Quasar^TM Phantom. Materials and Methods : Using the Quasar^TM Phantom, set the breathing rate per minute to 15 BPM and 7.5 BPM, and set the S15 point as an irregular breathing section, and then placed OSLD to this point and use the Pause & Resume method to measure the dose of S15. CTDIvol, DLP, and ALARA-CT were used for comparative analysis of radiation dose between Pause & Resume method and Repeat-scan. In order to evaluate the stability and usability of the data applying the Pause & Resume method, the captured images were sorted by Advanced Workstation Volume Share7 and then sent to Eclipse^TM, the diameter and volume were analyzed by forming a contour on the iron ball in the Quasar^TM Phantom Results : When using Pause & Resume, the dose of OSLD measurement increased by 1.97 times in the section of S15. As a result of image evaluation, the average value of all volumes measured with and without the Pause & Resume method at 15 BPM and 7.5 BPM was 15.2 cm3±0.5%.Allthemeasuredvaluesfor the radius of iron ball were 3.1 cm regardless of whether Pause & Resume method was used or not. In the case of using Pause & Resume, 33% decreased from the lowest DLP value and 38% decreased from the highest DLP value of repeat scan, and the effective dose also decreased 32.1% from the minimum value and 37.6% from the maximum value. Conclusion: Irradiation dose was increased by Pause & Resume method because of the repeat scan on the S15 site where assuming irregular breathing occurred, However Pause & Resume method led to a significant reduction in dose on overall scan range. It also proved the usefulness of clinical application of the Pause & Resume method as a result of similar diameters and volumes of iron ball measurement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of whole crop silage wheat utilizing the paddy fields during a couple of years from 2019 to 2021 in Suwon, Korea. This investigation was used the two maturity types of wheat cultivar 'Cheongwoo' (early) and 'Taeu' (late). The heading date of 2^nd year (Oct. 2020 to May. 2021) cultivation was delayed about 11 to 13 days by more than 1^st year (Oct. 2019 to May. 2020). The growth characteristics were shown that the plant height was increased in 2^nd cultivation, while the number of culms and the panicle part ratio were decreased. Moreover, the nutritive value of 'Cheongwoo' and 'Taeu' were also decreased in 2^nd cultivation. These changes have thought to a difference of the precipitation by cultivation years. Because, the precipitation during the period from the end of winter dormancy to the harvesting stage in 2^nd (337 mm) cultivation was more about twice than 1st (169.3 mm) cultivation. However, the dry matter yield of 'Cheongwoo' was not shown a statistical difference by cultivation years, while 'Taeu' was shown to decrease tendency. The total dry matter yield regardless of the cultivation years were higher in 'Cheongwoo' than 'Taeu', and especially 'Cheongwoo' was more 3 tons per hectare (15.3 t/ha) than 'Taeu' (12.6 t/ha) at 2^nd cultivation (p<0.01). The trend of dry weight in 'Cheongwoo', early mature type, showed a relatively high ratio of dry matter (p<0.05) was considered that due to a high panicle ratio by a fast heading and an adequate weight of panicles by a sufficient maturing. In conclusion, selecting the early maturity cultivars could achieve a higher and more stable total dry matter yield considering the cropping system in the central region. Furthermore, it also has the advantage of being able to double-cropping system with forage rice, which has considered the maximum whole-crop forage production year-round. These results suggest that the 'Cheongwoo' be optimum cultivar to produce the year-round forage on paddy fields in the central region.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2022

This paper analyzed the characteristics of ancient villages in Hongcun and the method of resetting the preservation area for the preservation of the changed historical and cultural space in Hongcun through the process of change. To this end, the current status of preservation areas and utilization areas in the village was identified through ancient documents, old paintings, policy materials, and interviews related to the village, and through this, the problem of resetting the preservation area was examined. As a result, the following conclusions were drawn. First, Hongcun is a village built under the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and the spatial organization was created according to the hierarchy of Confucianism. As a result, it was possible to inherit and preserve the heritage of ancestors even though the central government did not preserve it. Second, the concept of preservation in a limited sense has been applied as Hongcun has been recognized as a cultural heritage that has been passed down since ancient times, but the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution brought about changes in the village space. Since then, ancient buildings, water systems, and forests have been preserved through regulations on new construction and expansion of a building with the Hongchon preservation plan, but the development within the preservation area is underway due to changes in the lives of original inhabitants, which were followed by continued development pressure and reform and opening. Third, the original inhabitant of ancient villages had a high perception of the value of the heritage, but they demanded the preparation of measures to improve living conditions and create profits, and the active use of villages for this. Fourth, the forest consisting of old trees is being restored, but the gardens in the old house are showing a phenomenon that the garden space is reduced or transformed for use. The bridges and parking lots were newly built in the southern area, which was extended from the western area, the original entrance to the ancient village, resulting in changes in the existing entrance. This was found to be the primary cause of the spatial change of the ancient village, as the road system was modified to make it convenient for tourists to enter and exit. Fifth, the existing preservation area should be reset and preserved by resetting the preservation route centered on Wolso(half Moon Pool), while the surrounding area should be set as a direct and indirect experience space, and according to the hierarchy of each space, the utilization should proceed while the preservation is carried out by crossing the preservation and the utilization.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.361-367
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• 2022

This study was conducted to identify annual variation of observation and activity pattern of Korean chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus) using camera traps in the Seoraksan and Jirisan National Parks, South Korea from May 2019 to May 2021. The annual variation was identified based on the observed frequency through weekly observations. Daily activity patterns of the species were also analyzed by season. The daily activity pattern of chipmunk appeared to be constantly diurnal across the years regardless of habitat or season. The Korean chipmunks living in the two different regions were observed in different time periods throughout the year. While the chipmunks inhabiting the Seoraksan were observed from 18^th to 45^th week, the chipmunks inhabiting the Jirisan National Park were observed from 7^th to 48^th week. This may be influenced by the hibernation period of chipmunks in the two different regions. In both regions, chipmunks were most frequently observed in autumn. It is considered that seasonal variation on population dynamic and activity patterns of chipmunks were reflected in the observation frequency. Although the observation frequency of camera trap is an indirect indicator and thus having a limitation that it cannot distinguish the population density and amount of activity for the target species, camera trapping is still an effective survey technique for monitoring mammals due to its high accessibility and easy use.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.652-658
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• 2022

This study was conducted to induce somatic embryogenic callus (SEC) derived from petals in rose. The petal explants of 3 cultivars ('Ice Wing', 'Orange Eye' and 'Pink Beauty') with different flower colors were placed on three types media (MS, SH and WPM) supplemented with 11 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively, and then cultured in the dark for 47 days. Calluses were formed at explants of all three cultivars. Also, 'Ice Wing', which were cultured in the SH as the basal medium, showed the highest callus formation rate. However, somatic embryos were generated from only petal-derived callus of 'Ice Wing', which were induced on the WPM as the basal medium, transferred it to SH basal medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D, and 300 mg/L L-proline, and cultured for 5 weeks. The SEC has been proliferated every four weeks at the subculture interval. In addition, as a results of making a comparison of expression of RhSERK3 and RhSERK4, which is used as signal for generation of somatic embryo from callus in rose, between the SEC and petal-derived callus from 'Ice Wing' by RT-qPCR, the former showed 10 times higher RhSERK3 expression and 700 times higher RhSERK4 expression than the latter.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.110-123
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• 2021

We investigated geochemical constituents of pore-water and sediment, rates of organic carbon (C_org) oxidation and sulfate reduction (SR), and benthic nutrient flux (BNF) to elucidate characteristic of C_org oxidation and its control in the coastal area near Lake Shihwa. The study sites were selected in the vicinity of Soraepogu (E0), Songdo tidalflat (E1) and Oido dock (E3) and in front of floodgate Shihwa tidal plant (E5). The C_org contents in the sediments and concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in pore water exhibited the highest value at EO, and gradually decreased toward the outer sea (E1, E3, E5). Rates of anaerobic C_org oxidation (260.6 mmol C m^-2 d^-1) and SR (91.4 mmol S m^-2 d^-1) at E0 were 4-9 and 6-54 times higher than at the site of outer sea (E1, E3, E5). Rates of SR at E3 and E5 accounted for 11-23% of anaerobic C_org oxidation, whereas it comprised 47-70% of anaerobic C_org oxidation at E0 and E1. Rates of C_org oxidation and SR showed a highly positive correlation with the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (r² = 0.795 and 0.777, respectively). The BNF at E0, E1, and E3 accounted for 120-510% and 26-178%, respectively, of the N and P required for primary production in the water column. Overall results suggest that the C_org oxidation in the sediment controlled by concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the pore water and the excessive C_org oxidation stimulates the benthic nutrient flux, which may cause a phytoplankton bloom in the water column.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.279-289
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Recently, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata has been used as an environmentally-friendly weed-control agent in rice farming. Although effective for this particular style of farming, P. canaliculata can be destructive to other crops. The objective of this study was to identify overwintering as well as regional and seasonal distribution characteristics of P. canaliculata. Notably, winter is typically fatal for P. canaliculata. However, owing to increasing average global temperatures, we assessed the ability of P. canaliculata to survive through uncharacteristically warm winters. METHODS AND RESULTS: To examine the distribution and overwintering regions of P. canaliculata, We conducted a survey from April 2020 to May 2021 on environmentally-friendly rice fields, agricultural waterways, and streams in 23 cities belonging to 8 provinces. In addition, because air temperature may influence the distribution density of P. canaliculata, we analyzed the winter temperature data (http://weather.rda.go.kr). CONCLUSION(S): In 2021, overwintering of P. canaliculata (1-3 individuals/m²) was observed in the Goheung and Yeongam regions in Jeonnam. Overwintering of P. canaliculata was observed in fewer regions in 2021 than in 2020; this fact may be attributed to the lower minimum temperatures measured in 2021 (approximately 8℃ lower) than those in 2020. Our results suggest that overwintering occurs as long as overnight temperatures are ≥ -15℃, but can take place if temperatures are as low as -19℃.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2021

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate variability increased, the damage of aging chuteway slabs of spillway are on the rise. Accordingly, a wide array of field survey, hydraulic experiment and numerical simulation have been conducted to find the cause of damage on chuteway slabs. However, these studies generally reviewed the flow characteristics and distribution of pressure on chuteway slabs. Therefore the derivation of damage on chuteway slabs was relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking were assumed to be the causes of damage on chuteway slabs, and the phenomena were reproduced using 3D numerical models, FLOW-3D and COMSOL Multiphysics. In addition, the cavitation index was calculated and the von Mises stress by uplift pressure distribution was compared with tensile and bending strength of concrete to evaluate the possibility of cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking. As a result of numerical simulation on cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking under various flow conditions with complete opening gate, the cavitation index in the downstream of spillway was less than 0.3, and the von Mises stress on concrete was 4.6 to 5.0 MPa. When von Mises stress was compared with tensile and bending strength of concrete, the fatigue failure caused by continuous pressure fluctuation occurred on chuteway slabs. Therefore, the cavitation erosion and hydraulic jacking caused by high speed flow were one of the main causes of damage to the chuteway slabs in spillway. However, this study has limitations in that the various shape conditions of damage(cavity and crack) and flow conditions were not considered and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) was not simulated. If these limitations are supplemented and reviewed, it is expected to derive more efficient utilization of the maintenance plan on spillway in the future.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical utility of the internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF), compared with those scales of the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Methods : 43 adolescents with internalizing disorders and 44 adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents were administered the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL each. To verify the difference between the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL for each group, independent-sample t test was performed. To compare the agreement between the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL, correlation analysis was also conducted. Lastly, to identify which scales significantly best predict each of the internalizing and externalizing disorder, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results : Internalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL were significantly higher in the internalizing disorder group, and the externalization scales were significantly higher in the externalizing disorder group. The positive correlation was significant only for internalization problems between the two evaluation measures in both groups (each r=0.360, p<0.05, r=0.572, p<0.05). In addition, the scales significantly predicted internalizing and externalizing disorders were the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF, followed by the externalization scale of the K-CBCL (R²=0.407, p<0.05). Conclusions : The internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the MMPI-A-RF were found to reliably reflect the characteristics of each disorder in adolescents and be useful evaluative scales to differentiate disorders. Moreover, if adolescents show externalization problems, additional information from the K-CBCL can be more useful to differentiate disorders.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.385-393
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• 2022

The contamination level of inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, was investigated in 87 grains and 66 processed grain foods. Two inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) and four organic arsenic monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine were analyzed using HPLC-ICP/MS with high separation and sensitivity and ICP/MS was used to quantify total arsenic. Inorganic arsenic was detected in all grains. And the total arsenic in grains consists of about 70-85% inorganic arsenic and about 10-20% DMA. The concentration of inorganic arsenic was high in rice and black rice cultivated in paddy soil with irrigated water, while the miscellaneous grain in field was low. Mean concentration of inorganic arsenic in rice germ, brown rice and polished rice was 0.160 mg/kg, 0.135 mg/kg, 0.083 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that rice bran contains more arsenic. In processed grain foods, inorganic arsenic concentration varied according to the kind of ingredients and content, and the detection amount was high in processed food with brown rice and germ. The arsenic content of all samples did not exceed each standard, but the intake frequency is high and it is considered that continuous monitoring is necessary for food safety.