Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2022.37.6.385

Comparison of Total and Inorganic Arsenic Contamination in Grain and Processed Grain Foods  

Eun-Jin, Baek (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Myung-Gil, Kim (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Hyun-Jue, Kim (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Jin-Hee, Sung (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
You-Jin, Lee (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Shin-Hye, Kwak (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Eun-Bin, Lee (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Hye-Jin, Kim (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Won-Joo, Lee (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Myung-Jin, Lee (Food and Drug Research Division, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment)
Publication Information
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety / v.37, no.6, 2022 , pp. 385-393 More about this Journal
Abstract
The contamination level of inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, was investigated in 87 grains and 66 processed grain foods. Two inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) and four organic arsenic monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine were analyzed using HPLC-ICP/MS with high separation and sensitivity and ICP/MS was used to quantify total arsenic. Inorganic arsenic was detected in all grains. And the total arsenic in grains consists of about 70-85% inorganic arsenic and about 10-20% DMA. The concentration of inorganic arsenic was high in rice and black rice cultivated in paddy soil with irrigated water, while the miscellaneous grain in field was low. Mean concentration of inorganic arsenic in rice germ, brown rice and polished rice was 0.160 mg/kg, 0.135 mg/kg, 0.083 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that rice bran contains more arsenic. In processed grain foods, inorganic arsenic concentration varied according to the kind of ingredients and content, and the detection amount was high in processed food with brown rice and germ. The arsenic content of all samples did not exceed each standard, but the intake frequency is high and it is considered that continuous monitoring is necessary for food safety.
Keywords
Grain; Inorganic arsenic; Organic arsenic; Total arsenic; HPLC-ICP/MS;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2015. Risk profile of Arsenic, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea, pp. 1-3. 
2 Devesa, V., Martinez, A., Suner, M.A., Benito, V., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Kinetic study of transformations of arsenic species during heat treatment. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2267-2271 (2001).    DOI
3 Londesborough, S., Mattusch, J., Wennrich, R., Separation of organic and inorganic arsenic species by HPLC-ICP-MS. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 363, 577-581 (1999).    DOI
4 Milstein, L.S., Essader, A., Murrell, C., Pellizzari, E., Fernando, R.A., Raymer, J.H., Akinbo, O., Sample preparation, extaction efficiency, and determination of six arsenic species present in food composites. J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, 4180-4184 (2003).    DOI
5 World Health Organization, 2011. Seventy- second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JAFCA): Evaluation of certain contaminants in food (WHO Technical Report Series 959), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 21-24. 
6 WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Arsenic, Metal, Fibres and Dusts. Volume 100C, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 41-85. 
7 Im, R.I., Youm, H.C., Kim, D.W., Bae, H.S., Ahn, S.J., Ryu, D.Y., Choi, B.S., Park, J.D., Dietary exposure assessment of arsenic in Korean adults. Environmental Health and Toxicology, 25, 307-314 (2010). 
8 Zhu, Y.G., Williams, P.N., Meharg, A.A., Exposure to inorganic arsenic from rice: A global health issue? Environ Pollut., 154, 169-171 (2008).    DOI
9 Jung, G.B., Kim, W.I., Lee, J.S., Shin, J.D., Kim, J.H., Lee, J.T., Availability of heavy metals in soil and their translocation to water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica DC.) cultivated near industrial complex. Korean J. Environ. Agric., 25, 323-330 (2006).    DOI
10 Meharg, A.A., Rahman, M.M., Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption. Environ Sci Technol., 37, 229-234 (2003).    DOI
11 Abedin, M.J., Feldmann, J., Meharg, A.A., Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants. Plant Physiology. 128, 1120-1128 (2002).    DOI
12 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety(MFDS), (2022, September 29). Standards and Specifications for Food. Retrieved from https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_211/view.do?seq=14253&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=0&itm_seq_1=1&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&Data_stts_gubun=C1002&page=20 
13 William, P.N., Villada, a., Deacon, C., Raab, A., Figuerola, J., Green, A.J., Feldmann, J., Meharg A.A., Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared to wheat and barley. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6854-6859 (2007).    DOI
14 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2014. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. 37th Session Report, Geneva, Switzerland. 
15 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2016. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. 39th Session Report, Berlin, Germany. 
16 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2021. Korea Food Code, Osong, Korea, pp. 1060-1061. 
17 Kohlmeyer, U., Jantzen, E., Kuballa, J., Jakubik, S., Benefits of high resolution IC-ICP-MS for the routine analysis of inorganic and organic arsenic species in food products of marine and terrestrial origin. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 377, 6-13 (2003).    DOI
18 Narukawa, T., Chiba, K., Sinaviwat, S., Feldmann, J., A rapid monitoring method for inorganic arsenic in rice flour using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatography A., 1479, 129-136 (2017).    DOI
19 ICH Steering Committee, 2005. ICH harmonised tripartite guideline-Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1), pp. 11-12. 
20 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2016. Guidelines on standard procedures for preparing test methods, including food, Osong, Korea, pp. 4-10. 
21 Maharg, A.A., Lombi, E., Williams, P.N., Scheckel, K.G., Feldmann, J., Raab, A., Zhu, Y., Islam, R., Speciation and localization of arsenic in white and brown rice grains. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1051-1057 (2008).    DOI
22 Food and Drug Administration, 1998. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology, FDA Ceter for Veterinary Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA, pp. 4-13. 
23 Torres-Ecsribano, S., Leal, M., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice sold in spain, effect of cooking, and risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3867-3872 (2008).    DOI
24 Choi, S.H., Kim, J.S., Lee, J.Y., Jeon, J.S., Kim, J.W., Russo, R.E., Gonzalez, J., Yoo, J.H., Kim, K.S., Yang, J.S., Park, K.S., Analysis of arsenic in rice grain using ICP-MS and fs LA-ICP-MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 29, 1233-1237 (2014).    DOI
25 An, J.M., Hong, K.S., Kim, S.Y., Kim, D.J., Lee, H.J., Shin, H.C., Arsenic speciation and risk assessment of miscellaneous cereals by HPLC-ICP-MS. Korean J. Environ. Agric., 36, 119-128 (2017).    DOI
26 Kim, D.Y., Kim, J.Y., Kim, K.H., Kim, K.R., Kim, H.S., Kim, J.G., Kim, W.I., Arsenic species in husked and polished rice grains grown at the noncontaminated paddy soils in Korea. J. Appl. Bio. Chem., 61, 391-395 (2018).    DOI
27 WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic. Volume 84, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 15-22. 
28 Signes-Pastor, A.J., Carey, M., Meharg, A.A., Inorganic arsenic in rice-based products for infants and young children. Food Chem., 191, 128-134 (2016).    DOI
29 Naito S., Matsumoto E., Shindoh K., Nishimura T., Effects of polishing, cooking and storing on total arsenic and arsenic species concentrations in rice cultivated in Japan. Food Chem., 168, 294-301 (2015). 
30 Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Wu, X., Ramirez- Gandolfo, A., Norton, G.J., Burlo, F., Deacon, C., Merharg, A.A., Inorganic arsenic contents in rice-based infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA. Environ Pollut., 163, 77-83 (2012).    DOI
31 Shindoh, K., Yasui, A., Changes in cadmium concentration in rice during cooking. Food Sci. Techno. Res., 9, 193-196 (2003).     DOI