• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.415-419
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine clinical features of canine episcleritis and outcomes of therapy in Korea. The medical records of dogs with episcleritis presented at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University from January 2006 to December 2007 were reviewed. Episcleritis was diagnosed in 17 eyes of 12 dogs. The most frequently affected breed was Shih Tzu (n = 6). The median affected age was 5 years with a range from 3 years to 12 years. Simple episcleritis was identified in 8 dogs, nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) in 3 dogs, and secondary episcleritis caused by panophthalmitis in a dog. The combination immunosuppressive therapy of topical corticosteroids, topical cyclosporine A, and intralesional injection of triamcinolone (4 mg) and gentamicin (4 mg) was performed. Most of the patients with episcleritis were resolved within 30 days following the therapy. Surgical excision was performed in 1 NGE case which was not responded to the medical therapy. Recurrence was observed in 4 dogs between 5 and 8 months after the first visit. It is considered that strong immunosuppressive therapy and periodic ocular examination are needed to control episcleritis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.310-313
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• 2011

A 6-year-old female Shih-tzu dog was referred with left elbow joint mass associated with weight bearing lameness. Ultrasonography demonstrated an encapsulated hyperechoic mass at the left elbow joint. Radiography was performed on elbow joint, chest, and abdomen, but there was no evidence of metastasis. Clinicopathologic examination revealed the existence of neoplastic cells with anisocytosis, pleomorphism and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The left forelimb was amputated for cure. Histopathological examination diagnosed the mass as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. During the 4 weeks follow-up, the patient showed full remission and adopted to walk with remaining three legs. Thereafter, the tumor recurred after 5 months of first surgery at the operation site and other two cutaneuos regions. Cytology test revealed the mesenchymal originated tumor cells with malignancy. These tumors were surgically removed and histopathological examination of the resected tissue revealed the recurrence of primary tumor and metastasis. Metronomic therapy with cyclophophamide (10 mg/$m^2$, PO, sid) and piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg, PO, sid) had been adopted for 5 months. At 26 months of follow up after the first surgery, the dog alive with satisfactory quality of life. Aggressive surgical resection with metronomic chemotherapy should be the most effective treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.273-275
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• 2009

A 6-year-old castrated male Shih-tzu was presented because of a 1-month history of progressive tetraplegia. On the basis of the findings of neurological examination, radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging, herniated intervertebral disc of C4-C5, C5-C6 and C6-C7 compressed spinal cord. The oxygen-ozone was intra-operatively injected into the C4-C5 and C6-C7 intervertebral disc and a ventral decompression performed at C5-C6 intervertebral space. Immediately after the surgery, neck pain was disappeared and three weeks after surgery, there was complete resolution of the neurological deficits with normal gaits. On magnetic resonance images at 2-month after surgery, herniated disc materials of C5-C6 and C6-C7 were completely removed and that of C4-C5 remarkably reduced. Consequently decompression which was performed at all of the three lesions resulted in good clinical outcome without additional internal fixation for minimizing postoperative instability.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2007

The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of retinal diseases in dogs presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University from April 2004 to December 2005. Sixty-five dogs (120 eyes) with retinal diseases involving blindness were included in this study. Age, breed, and gender data for all breeds were collected from medical records documenting vision loss. Generalized progressive retinal atrophy (gPRA) was the most common manifestation. Other prevalent findings included sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD) and retinal detachment (RD). Bilateral gPRA was found in 32 dogs with a female-to-male ratio of 1 : 1. The mean $age{\pm}SD$ of all dogs in this group was $4.66{\pm}2.30$ years with a range of 3 to 12 years. Breeds with highest prevalence of gPRA were Miniature Schnauzer (24/32, $mean{\pm}SD$ age: $3.79{\pm}0.78$ yr) and Poodle (2/32, $6.50{\pm}0.71$ yr). Twelve dogs (24 eyes) were diagnosed with SARD bilateraly, ranging from 3 to 13 years of age ($mean{\pm}SD:\;6.91{\pm}2.61$ yr). There were no abnormalities in fundus of 11 dogs at presentation. Electroretinography (ERG) without anesthesia was performed in 7 dogs, and all response was totally extinguished. Retinal detachment was identified in 21 dogs (32 eyes): 11 bilateral and 10 unilateral (7 right eye, 3 left eye). The most common breed was Shih Tzu (15/21, $mean{\pm}SD$ age: $4.39{\pm}3.24$ yr). Four other breeds comprised the remaining 6 cases (8 eyes). The everall mean age of the group was: $4.18{\pm}2.89$ years (range 0.8 to 14 years) with a female-to-male ratio of 1 : 1.1 (10 females, and 11 males).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-485
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• 2015

The present study determined the normal reference ranges for overall pelvic limb alignment of small-breed dogs. For this purpose, 60 cadaveric canine pelvic limbs from normal small-breed dogs (Maltese, Poodle, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier). A frontal full-limb radiograph of each pelvic limb was obtained, and mechanical tibiofemoral angle (mTFA), mechanical metatarsotibial angle (mMTTA), mechanical axis-femur angle (MAFA), and mechanical axis-metatarsus angle (MAMTA) were measured from each radiograph, along with mechanical deviation of the stifle (SMAD) and tarsal joints (TMAD). The 95% CI for radiographic values of all pelvic limbs were mTFA, 5.7-7.4; mMTTA, $-2.2--0.8^{\circ}$; MAFA, $3.5-4.5^{\circ}$; MAMTA, 1.0-2.0; SMAD, 2.1-2.7%; TMAD, 0.5-1.0%. There values varied among the breeds, except for mTFA. The reference ranges can be used for diagnosing pelvic limb deformities in small-breed dogs and for planning corrective osteotomies.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.533-537
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• 2011

A 13-year-old, female, Shih-tzu and a 10-year-old, female, Yorkshire terrier were presented with ulcerative keratitis caused by corneal endothelial degeneration. Generalized corneal edema, conjunctival hyperemia, focal corneal pigmentation, corneal neovascularization, sub-epithelial bullae, and positive fluorescein staining were observed during ophthalmic examinations. Thermokeratoplasty was performed on the overall edematous corneas. Healing of the cornea was completed within 25 days and corneal ulceration has not recurred after healing of the cornea in both cases. Other ocular complications were not observed except for a slight increase in corneal pigmentation. According to this study, thermokeratoplasty could be an effective treatment for corneal ulceration secondary to corneal endothelial diseases in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

Distichiasis is one of the diseases commonly encountered in companion animals, and these abnormal eyelashes cause corneal ulcers, continuous eye irritation, eye pain, glare, epiphora, foreign body sensation and can cause corneal opacity and vision loss in severe cases. In this study, an eyelash epilation needle for animals was developed and applied to a real case, and the results were observed. In a case of corneal ulcer caused by distichiasis of a 2-year-old Shih Tzu, a high-frequency surgical instrument for animals was converted into an electric epilation needle to attempt a procedure to destroy the eyelash hair follicles on the upper eyelid. A epilation needle was developed to have a diameter of 0.1 mm and a length of 4 mm at the end of the handle of DOCTANZ 400, an electrosurgical instrument for animals only. In the procedure, 2~3 mm of an epilation needle was inserted into the hair follicle, and 1 watt of electric power was applied to the hair follicle for about 5 sec. to carry out electrolysis until white bubbles were generated around the meibomian glands thereby destroying the hair follicle. As a result, no eyelashes grew any longer in the treated area indicating that the treatment was successful. It is hoped that the method developed in this study will be applied so that it will be widely used as a treatment method for distichiasis in companion animals that can be frequently seen hereafter.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.336-340
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• 2023

A dog (2-year old, female, Shih-Tzu) presented with hyperthermia and right-sided facial paralysis characterized by the inability to close the right eye and drooling from the right side of the mouth after H3N2 influenza vaccination [A/Canine/Korea/01/07(H3N2) strain; Caniflu-Max, Bionote, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, ROK]. To determine the cause of the fever and neurological symptoms, physical examination, ophthalmic examination, thoracic and abdominal radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, complete blood counts, serum chemistry values, and electrolyte levels were determined. In addition, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, antinuclear antibody test, fever of unknown origin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel, tick-borne pathogen PCR panel were performed. As a result, hyperthermia, leukocytosis, and elevated C-reactive protein were confirmed. In addition, neurological examination revealed decreased right eyelid reflexes, corneal reflexes, threat response, and facial sensation, it was possible to suspect problems with the trigeminal and facial nerves of the cranial nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion suggestive of myositis in the right muscular lesion at atlanto-occipital junction level on site of vaccine injection. Therefore, right-sided facial paralysis was tentatively determined to be a secondary cause of nerve damage caused by myositis. The patient was treated with immunosuppressants such as prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil. After 3 months of immunosuppressant therapy, the patient's symptoms improved.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2007

A retrospective study of 94 hypercalcemic dogs was performed to find out most common causes that lead to hypercalcemia through investigating dogs referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University from 2002 to 2004. During the study period, hypercalcemia was found in 94 dogs of 19 breeds, and they were evaluated as case group. Control group was made up of 94 dogs of 18 breeds without hypercalcemia admitted for the same study period. For general signalments, there were no significant differences between case and control group with the exception of age distribution. Shih-tzu(17.02%) and Yorkshire terrier(26.60%) was the most common breed in case and control group, respectively. The most common diseases associated with hypercalcemia were chronic renal failure (18.09%), acute renal failure(14.89%), and renal calculi(6.38%). Malignant neoplasia(lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mammary gland tumor, and multiple myeloma) and endocrinopathies(hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism) occupied 8.5% and 6.4%, respectively. This report is a first retrospective study of hypercalcemic dogs in South Korea.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.201-214
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• 2006

Modern society is an age of vagueness and confusion. In addition, vagueness, complexity and variety are seen throughout art including modern philosophy, literature, and environmental design. A phenomenon like this shows that modern society has integrated different components as an organic relationship frequently crossing the boundary of fields. This feature can be regarded as hybrid related with accepting contradictory components and binding them into one under relationship between part and whole. As new design concept, presented are attitude to accept the two instead of attitude to select one of the alternatives, abundance instead of dearness, and ambiguity instead of simplicity. This principle has a crucial influence on creative design providing opposing contradiction and several alternative plans as non-deterministic form not completed one and, above all, useful information in mutual dependence and mutual relationship. When it comes to hybrid, therefore, a strategy is needed to consider layer of several fields getting out of standardizing space into a single space. As an event of this situation and concept, space experience means behaving freely based on experience of users' body. It can be known that this experience brings about users' more dynamic experience in comparison with the experience of seeing environmental design from a viewpoint of visual ism on the existing simplicity. Such a practical experience is subjective, synesthetic, and non-observational one. Therefore, hybrid has brought active users to the stage, which is distinguished from synesthesia felt through body's experience, not through observational attitude and visual space which achieve former balance and harmony with non-determination. That's because hybrid creatures are turning to a product resulted from creative imagination instead of from reappearance which makes text visualized. Such experience performed by user's active participation collapses the boundary between special elite-centered art and daily life and it is the present progressive form showing creation process of future events and new esthetic experience.