• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.841-856
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• 2008

This research outlines a new method for evaluation of shellfish production in Gamak Bay based on the concept of EMERGY. Better understanding of those environmental factors influencing oyster production and the management of oyster stocks requires the ability to assess the real value of environmental sources such as solar energy, river, tide, wave, wind, and other physical mechanisms. In this research, EMERGY flows from environment sources were 76% for shellfish aquaculture in Gamak Bay. EMERGY yield ratio, Environmental Loading Ratio, and Sustainability Index were 4.26, 0.31 and 13.89, respectively. Using the Emergy evaluation data, the predicted maximum shellfish aquaculture production in Gamak Bay and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, U.S.) designated area in Gamak Bay were 10,845 ton/y and 7,548 ton/yr, respectively. Since the predicted shellfish production was approximately 1.3 times more than produced shellfish production in 2005, the carrying capacity of Gamak Bay is estimated to be 1.3 times more than the present oyster production.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.449-455
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• 2009

In Hansan Geojeman area, 2,050 ha of shellfish growing area has been designated as shellfish production area for export. The main shellfish species from the designated area is oysters. For the sanitary management of the designated area established in Hansan Geojeman area, bacteriological examination of sea water and shellfish at the sampling stations inside and outside of the designated area were performed from January 2006 to December 2008. The range of fecal coliform of 756 sea water samples at 21 stations located in the designated area were <1.8~>1,600 MPN/100mL. And the range of geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile of fecal coliform were 1.8~2.9 and 2.7~15.8 MPN/100mL, respectively. Sanitary conditions of the current designated area in Hansan Geojeman meets the required standards of the Fisheries Product Quality Control and National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP, USA) criteria for the approved area. Also, the sanitary status of the shellfish harvested from the designated area met the Korean Shellfish Sanitation Program (KSSP) fecal coliform criterion (<230 MPN/100g). And the human pathogen such as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were not detected from the examined shellfish samples.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

The seawater in the Taean area was surveyed to evaluate the conditions of the bay and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for a designated area for shellfish production for export. Samples of seawater were collected monthly at 34 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2002 to December 2004. The bacterial density in the coastal area close to a pollution source located to the northeast of the survey area was higher than in the open sea to the west. The bacteriological counts in the water did not change with 16.5mm of rainfall, but increased abruptly after 65.4mm of rainfall. The total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers (MPNs) of 1,224 seawater samples in the survey area were <1.8-2,400 and <1.8-790 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated 90th percentile of total coliforms were 1.9-3.4 and 2.7-26.3 MPN/100mL, respectively, and for fecal coliforms were <1.8-2.6 and 1.8-12.0 MPN/100mL, respectively. The bacteriological water quality in the Taean seawater area met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved area and the Korea Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for a designated area for shellfish production for export.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

A Sanitary survey in an Important shellfish-growing area of Biin Bay in Seocheon-gun Korea, was conducted to evaluate bay conditions and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for areas designated for the production of shellfish for export. Seawater samples were collected monthly at 55 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2006 to December 2008. Bacteriological water quality did not change in response to a small rainfall (10.0 mm), but it increased abruptly in response to rainfall to 62.5 mm The most probable number (MPN) value for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 1, 980 seawater samples ranged from <1.8 to >1, 600 MPN/100mL and from <1.8 to 330 MPN/100mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated $90^{th}$ percentile value for total coliforms ranged from 2.0 to 10.3 MPN/100mL and from 7.0 to 42.6 MPN/100mL respectively. The geometric mean and estimated percentile value for fecal coliforms ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 MPN/100mL and from 1.9 to 18.3 MPN/100mL, respectively. Accordingly, the bacteriological water quality of Biin Bay met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) and Korea Shel1fish Sanitation Program(KSSP) criteria for areas designated for shellfish production for export in Korea.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.612-621
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• 2011

The influences of inland pollution sources because of rainfall events on the bacteriological water quality in Geoje Bay, a major shellfish production area in Korea, were investigated. The sanitary status of sea water and shellfish after rainfall events was also evaluated. The flow rates of 13 streams around Geoje Bay showed 6 to 7-fold increases after 15 to 21 mm of rainfall. Peak pollution was observed in the Naegan Stream, the Gandeok Stream and the Seojeong Stream. The calculated impact area of inland pollution sources was 3.1 $km^2$ immediately after 15 mm of rainfall and expanded to 3.5 $km^2$ after 24 hours. These calculations of impacted area matched results from fecal coliform analyses with sea water. The distance between the major pollution source in the bay (the Gandeok Stream) and the station with the worst bacteriological water quality immediately after 15 mm of rainfall, which was below the Korean standard, was 0.8 km in a straight line; this distance increased to 2.0 km after a period of 24 hours. The area impacted by inland pollution sources after a 15 mm rainfall event was wider than after a 21 mm rainfall. Although the flow rate from inland pollution sources was higher, the concentration of fecal coliform in the discharged water was lower after higher rainfall events. These observations corresponded with the results of fecal coliform analyses with sea water samples. According to the evaluation of the influences of inland pollution sources and fecal coliform analyses on sea water and shellfish samples in Geoje Bay, pollutants from inland sources did not reach the boundary line of the shellfish growing area after rainfall events of 15 or 22 mm. The bacteriological water quality of the shellfish growing area in Geoje Bay met the Korean standard and US NSSP requirements for approved shellfish growing areas.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.542-549
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• 2017

본 연구는 2012년부터 2016년까지 전남 가막만해역에서 생산되는 패류에 대하여 위생지표세균, 마비성 및 설사성패류독소를 분석하여 세균학적, 독물학적 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 총 194점의 굴 시료에서 분변계대장균과 대장균을 분석한 결과 모두 230 MPN/100 g을 초과하지 않았다. 굴 수확시기 동안 분석한 분변계대장균의 기하학적 평균치는 19.6 MPN/100 g으로 비수확시기(26.5 MPN/100 g) 보다 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 가막만해역의 독물학적 평가를 위해 굴 77개 시료와 패류독소 지표종인 지중해담치 350개 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 마비성패류독소는 4월말부터 6월초 사이에 지중해담치 13개 시료에서 $40{\sim}46{\mu}g$/100 g 범위로 매우 낮게 검출되었으며, 굴 시료에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 설사성패류독소는 총 180개 시료 중 2개 시료에서 검출되었으나, 기준치에 미치지 못하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 가막만해역에서 생산되는 패류의 세균학적 안전성을 평가한 결과, 식품위생법의 패류 위생기준에 적합하였고, EU의 패류생산해역 A등급 기준에 부합하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 마비성 및 설사성패류독소는 기준치보다 매우 낮은 수준으로 검출되어 독물학적 안전성이 확보된 패류생산해역으로 평가되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.857-869
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• 2008

The objective of this research is to apply more scientific, quantitative methods and procedures of environmental investigation to the development of the natural environment and the improvement of the human environment during the establishment of a sewage treatment plant and special facilities using environmental accounting. This research was performed to develop a method of strategic environmental assessment on the operation of sewage treatment plant and reuse of shellfish seeding areas through the use of environmental accounting based on EMERGY evaluation. The result was applied to marine environment policy in order to evaluate the real wealth of the regional environment and economy for both the present phase and the proposed developed phase. Using results from the comparison of EMERGY indices between the present situation and future scenarios, cost benefit analysis was performed for three different scenarios: (I) construction of a new sewage treatment plant, (2) relocation and recovery of the shellfish seeding area, and (3) relocation and re-seeding of shellfish area and construction of a new sewage treatment plant. Cost-benefit ratios of the three scenarios are 1.88, 0.94, and 1.38, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

The seasonal and spatial variation of pathogenic Vibrio species, such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholerae were investigated in seawater and in bivalves off the Gyeongnam coast of Korea, which is an important area for shellfish production, during the period 2013-2016. V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholerae were detected in 12.1%, 5.2%, 15.4%, and 0.9% of seawater samples, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholera were detected in 21.9%, 7.1%, 12.2%, and 0.0% of shellfish samples, respectively. The Vibrio spp. in seawater and bivalve samples were detected at high levels during the summer to early autumn; however, the levels were low during the winter. Therefore, their occurrence was seasonally dependent and correlated with high water temperature, which is also the biggest factor contributing to foodborne outbreaks associated with Vibrio. Relatively high detection rates of the strains were also found in the sea area that was continually exposed to inland wastewater. Our findings show that continuous monitoring is needed to reveal the patterns of occurrence of these pathogens from marine samples collected off the Korean coast, to reduce seafood-borne outbreaks caused by Vibrio.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.364-372
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• 1995

1993년 진해만 일원의 마비성패독 발생의 원인규명을 위한 모니터링의 일환으로 원인생물의 독생산과 성분조성을 조사하기 위하여 양식장 인근해역의 저서 휴면포자를 발아시켜 분리한 무균주의 독성분을 분석하였다. 분리된 전체주중에서 수정리산 (St. 1) 5주, 욱곡리산 (St. 2) 3주 및 대곡리산 (St. 4) 11주의 독조성 및 독함량을 비교하였을 때, 각 지점별 평균 독량은 약 54-70 fmol/cell 높은 량을 나타내었고, 동일 휴면포자의 clone 분리주 뿐만 아니라 전체 분리주에서 개체별 독함량의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 독조성은 C1/C2 (epiGTX8/GTX8), GTX1/GTX4 및 neoSTX가 주요 구성성분을 이루었고, GTX2/GTX3, GTX5, C4, dcSTX 및 STX성분은 미량 또는 산발적으로 출현하였다. 주요 성분중에서 neoSTX는 $5-54mol\%$로 변동이 컸으나, 전체 분리주의 절반은 출현을 보이지 않아 이 지역에서 조성이 다른 개체군의 출현이 시사되었다 한편, 상대적으로 독성이 강한 GTX1-4 및 neoSTX와 같은 Carbamate군의 성분이 세 정점에서 각각 $57\%,\;54\%$ 및 $67\%$의 높은 평균치를 나타내어 이 지역에서의 높은 독화율과 독화 가능성의 잠재력이 큰 것으로 시사되었다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is to compare China's and Korea's marine fisheries industries in order to present the main features of China's marine fisheries and show the comparative advantages they have in production. The results indicate that China's marine fisheries have the following features. (1) The marine proportion of the fisheries industry economic activity is less than 60%. Fishing is 71.3% of that marine activity. (2) The production trends of marine fisheries history in China can be classified as follows: 1) an early growth period, 2) a deliberation/consolidation period, 3) a second growth period, 4) a third growth period, and 5) a fourth growth period. The growth rate has rapidly increased recently. (3) Fish production is over 70% of marine fishing fisheries, the next major product is crustacea. The production of shellfish occupies over 70% of marine aquaculture, seaweed production however, is only 22% of total marine aquaculture. (4) The licensed area for marine aquaculture in China is 586.3 ha and that area is 5.4 times larger than that of Korea. The allotted area for shellfish aquaculture is 60% of marine aquaculture, production areas of crustaceans occupy 27.3%, fish has 7 1%, and seaweed production only 5.7% of allocated marine aquaculture areas. (5) The proportion of power vessels for marine fisheries of China's total power vessel fleet is around 65%, and the marine fisheries portion of non - powered vessels constitutes only 12%. The highest proportion of power vessels engaged in marine fisheries activities is between 10 tonnes to 100 tonnes. (6) The portion of marine fishery workers of all fishery industry employees is 22%, and 70% of them are full - time workers. Of marine fishery workers, 64% are in the fishing sector, 22%, aquaculture workers, and the number of employees in marine fisheries is increasing every year. The analysis of China's fishery industry in the production competitiveness indicates as follows : (1) The licensed areas in marine aquaculture, number of fishing vessels, number of marine fishing workers in China's fishery industry are much more than those of Korea's. Therefore China is much more competitive than Korea in the quantity of production side. However, licensed areas for seaweed aquaculture are more extensive in Korea than China. In China, the number of power vessels of between 10 tonnes and 100 tonnes, the licensed shellfish aquaculture areas, and the number of fishing workers within the fisheries industry are much more than those of Korea. (2) It is estimated that the licensed areas in marine aquaculture, number of medium sized power vessels, number of marine fishery workers will be increased as the quantity of production factors grow in China. (3) At present, yield per Ha. in marine cultures is very low in China. Therefore it is estimated that aquaculture techniques have only been diffused recently in China. Yield of fish per Ha especially is much lower than that of Korea. So the level of aquaculture techniques seems much lower than that of Korea. (4) China is behind Korea in production technique, however the number of HP per boat in China is lower than that of Korea. Therefore, China is much more competitive than Korea in Costs. (5) Average fish catches per marine fishery worker in China is only 1/3 that of Korea's, and average marine aquaculture production in China is only 1/2 that of Korea. Therefore we can say Korea is more competitive than China in efficiency. The average income of marine fishery workers in China is higher that that of other Chinese industries. However, the competitiveness of the fisheries industry in China will be increased as more capital is invested and advanced techniques are developed.