• Applied Microscopy
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.155-169
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• 2015

Plastic deformation was introduced to the austenitic (${\gamma}$) stainless steel of SS304 by air blast shot peening, ultrasonic shot peening, and ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification. Various deformation structures were formed. The hardness, the deformation structure and the underlying grain refinement mechanism were investigated. In the deformed region, planar dislocation arrays and deformation twin (DT), the DT-DT intersection and ${\varepsilon}$-martensite structures, and ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite were formed in the respective regions of low, medium, and high strain. The grain refinement mechanism is found to be closely related to the 1) sub-division of coarse grains by DT, shear bands and their intersection, and 2) formation of nano-sized ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite due to the high plastic deformation.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2019

In this study, the development of annealing textures in cold rolled and annealed tantalum sheets was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction. At $900^{\circ}C$, the textures of the recrystallized grains in the partially and completely recrystallized microstructures displayed significant similarities. The average diameter of the recrystallized grains with ${\gamma}-fiber$ orientations exceeded that of grains with different orientations, and the average growth rates were unrelated to the orientations after an initial stage of recrystallization. Additional cold rolling and annealing was done for controlled initial microstructures and textures inherited from various processes of prior cold rolling and annealing. This second cycle of the process resulted in stronger textures with major ${\gamma}-fiber$ orientations as a result of the enhanced ${\gamma}-fiber$ orientations in the preceding textures. A coarse-grained prior microstructure resulted in a weaker annealing texture than a fine grained one regardless of the stronger previous texture, which was occasioned by the sub-structures of the minor orientations at local deformation inhomogeneities such as sharp in-grain shear bands.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1017-1027
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• 2018

To explore the influence of coal thickness on the mechanical behavior and the failure characteristics of rock-coal-rock (RCR) mass, the experimental investigation of uniaxial compressive tests was conducted first and then a systematic numerical simulation by particle flow code (PFC2D) was performed to deeply analyze the failure mechanical behavior of RCR specimens with different coal thicknesses in conventional compression tests. The overall elastic modulus and peak stress of RCR specimens lie between the rock and the coal. Inter-particle properties were calibrated to match the physical sample strength and the stiffness response. Numerical simulation results show that the deformation and strength behaviors of RCR specimens depend not only on the coal thickness, but also on the confining pressure. Under low confining pressures, the overall failure mechanism of RCR specimen is the serious damage of coal section when the coal thickness is smaller than 30 mm, but it is shear failure of coal section when the coal thickness is larger than 30 mm. Whereas under high confining pressures, obvious shear bands exist in both the coal section and the rock section when the coal thickness is larger than 30 mm, but when the coal thickness is smaller than 30mm, the failure mechanism is serious damage of coal section and shear failure of rock section.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.802-815
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• 2021

To investigate the effect of postmortem phases on lamb meat quality, the physicochemical quality, microstructure and water mobility of oyster cut, short loin, knuckle and silverside muscles from Small-Tail Han sheep were evaluated in the pre-rigor, rigor mortis and post-rigor phases. Pre-rigor lamb meat had higher pH and water holding capacity (WHC), whereas lower CIE L^*, b^*, hue angle values than rigor mortis and post-rigor meat (p<0.05). The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values were higher in rigor mortis short loin and silverside than their pre-rigor and post-rigor counterparts, pre-rigor short loin had lower WBSF value than its post-rigor counterpart (p<0.05). Muscle fibers shrank laterally and longitudinally during the onset of rigor mortis. Rigor mortis and postrigor lamb meat exhibited wide I-bands, dark A-bands, short sarcomeres and large inter-myofibrillar spaces. The shift of immobilized water to free water and repulsion from the intra-myofibrillar space to the extracellular space result in the increase of water loss in rigor mortis and post-rigor lamb meat. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that rigor mortis and post-rigor lamb meat had similar quality properties but different from pre-rigor lamb meat. In conclusion, the lamb meat in the pre-rigor phase had good tenderness, color and WHC. The results of this research could provide some theoretical references for lamb meat production and processing.

• 암석학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.211-230
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• 2016

금왕단층(Keumwang fault)을 따라 실시한 자세한 지질조사를 통해 쥐라기 후기 및 백악기 초기에 발생한 연성 전단작용 이후에 취성단층 특징을 보이는 재활동이 여러 번 일어났음이 밝혀졌다. 금왕단층은 단층비지로 이루어진 약 10~50 m 폭의 단층핵과 이를 둘러싸고 있는 약 30~100 m 폭의 단층손상대로 이루어져 있다. 연구지역 내 선캠브리아 누대 편마암과 쥐라기 화강암 내에서는 서로 다른 변형환경, 변형시기, 변형기작에 의해 구별되는 최소 6단계의 단층운동이 관찰된다. 첫 번째 단계의 전단운동은 쥐라기 후기 및 백악기 초기에 일어났으며, 좌수향 연성 전단에 의해 압쇄암 계열이 금왕전단대를 따라 형성되었다. 두 번째 단계에서는 주로 취성변형 환경에서 금왕단층을 따라 파쇄암 계열이 압쇄암 계열 위에 중첩되었다. 모암에서 초파쇄암으로 가까워질수록 반상변정의 원마도와 기질의 함량이 증가한 것은 단층의 중심으로 갈수록 파쇄유동이 증가한 것을 지시한다. 세 번째 단계에서는 두 번째 단계에 형성된 파쇄암대에 단층비지대가 중첩되었으며, 좌수향 주향이동 운동에 의해 단층을 따라 퇴적 분지(음성, 풍암분지)들이 형성되었다. 단층비지에 떠있는 파쇄암 잔유물들은 취성변형 환경에서 금왕단층이 여러 번 재활동 했음을 지시한다. 네 번째 단계에서는 금왕단층이 재활동하여 퇴적 분지 내에 안행상의 습곡, 절리 및 단층 등이 형성되었다. 대부분의 전단변형이 엽리 및 전단면을 따라 집중된 반면, 퇴적 분지 내 이암에서는 전반적으로 변형이 단층손상대에 분산된 양상을 보인다. 네 번째 단계 동안 세립의 안산암이 관입을 하였다. 다섯 번째 단계에서는 안산암에 우수향 주향이동 단층운동을 지시하는 전단면과 전단띠가 발달하였다. 단층비지의 ESR(Electron Spin Resonance) 연대 자료에 의하면, 여섯 번째 단계에서는 활동기에 단층운동이 집중적으로 일어나고 휴지기에는 일어나지 않았으며, 주향방향을 따라 단층운동이 이동하는 경향을 보여준다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.361-367
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• 2019

Microstructure evolution and tensile properties of Al-8mass%Mg alloy casting billet by biaxial alternative forging were investigated in this study. An alternative forging system tailored in this study was used to allow continuous strain accumulations on the alloy workpiece. A finite element (FE) simulation results revealed that the strain was mainly concentrated in the core and that the shear bands developed into a form with an X shape in the cross-section of workpiece after the alternative forging using octangular rod shaped dies. With increasing the forging passes, it was observed that the Al-8mass%Mg alloy workpieces were significantly deformed, and cracks began to form and propagate on the both ends of the forged workpieces after five passes at room temperature. In as-forged microstructures taken by microscopes, twins, clustering of dislocations, and fine subgrains were found. Tensile strengths of the forged specimens showed significant increases depending on the number of forging passes, and a trade-off relationship was observed between the elongation and strength. At room temperature and 100℃ the workpieces showed similar behaviors in microstructural evolution and tensile properties depending on forging passes, while the increase range in strength was reduced at 200℃.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.591-598
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 CNC선반을 사용하여 다양한 공구재질과 절삭속도에서 벌크금속유리(BMG)의 절삭 특성을 평가하였다. 선반가공시 Zr-기 BMG의 표면거칠기와 칩 형상을 관찰하여 가공조건에 따른 절삭력과 공구툴 마모 등 절삭 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 직경 8 mm $Zr_{50}Cu_{40}Al_{10}$ BMG시험편의 절삭에는 네 종류의 절삭공구를 사용하였다. 가공후 BMG 시험편의 표면거칠기를 측정하였고, 표면거칠기에 미치는 공구 회전속도의 영향을 조사하였다. 회전속도가 빠를수록 낮은 표면거칠기를 나타내었고, 공구 재질의 영향도 크게 나타났다. 칩 형상의 관찰 결과, 산화를 일으키지 않은 BMG 칩은 단열 전단띠 발생과 함께 나선형상의 형태를 나타내지만, 산화를 일으킨 칩은 국부적으로 용융과 함께 칩들이 뭉치는 현상을 나타내었다. BMG시험편을 가공하는 동안 발생한 절삭력은 TiN-WC에서 가장 큰 값을 나타내고, PCD가 그 다음, Cermet툴에서 가장 작은 값을 나타내었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.507-526
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• 2001

In standard finite element algorithms, the local stability conditions are not accounted for in the formulation of the tangent stiffness matrix. As a result, the loss of the local stability is not adequately related to the onset of the global instability. The phenomenon typically arises with material-type localizations, such as shear bands and plastic hinges. This paper addresses the problem in the context of the planar, finite-strain, rate-independent, materially non-linear beam theory, although the proposed technology is in principle not limited to beam structures. A weak formulation of Reissner's finite-strain beam theory is first presented, where the pseudocurvature of the deformed axis is the only unknown function. We further derive the local stability conditions for the large deformation case, and suggest various possible combinations of the interpolation and numerical integration schemes that trigger the simultaneous loss of the local and global instabilities of a statically determined beam. For practical applications, we advice on a procedure that uses a special numerical integration rule, where interpolation nodes and integration points are equal in number, but not in locations, except for the point of the local instability, where the interpolation node and the integration point coalesce. Provided that the point of instability is an end-point of the beam-a condition often met in engineering practice-the procedure simplifies substantially; one of such algorithms uses the combination of the Lagrangian interpolation and Lobatto's integration. The present paper uses the Galerkin finite element discretization, but a conceptually similar technology could be extended to other discretization methods.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권12호
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the ballistic properties of Zr-based amorphous alloy surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixture of Zr-based amorphous powders and $LiF+MgF_2$ flux powders was deposited on a pure Ti substrate, and then an electron beam irradiated this powder mixture to fabricate a one-layer surface composite. A four-layer surface composite, in which the composite layer thickness was larger than 3 mm, was also fabricated by irradiating the deposited powder mixture by an electron beam three times on the one-layer surface composite. The microstructural analysis results indicated that a small amount of fine crystalline particles were homogeneously distributed in the amorphous matrix of the surface composite layer. According to the ballistic impact test results, the surface composite layers effectively blocked a fast traveling projectile, while many cracks were formed at the composite layers, and thus the surface composite plates were not perforated. The surface composite layer containing ductile ${\beta}$ dendritic phases showed a better ballistic performance than the one without dendrites because dendritic phases hindered the propagation of shear bands or cracks.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권9호
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• pp.542-549
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• 2009

Zr-based amorphous alloy matrix composites reinforced with tantalum continuous fibers were fabricated by the liquid pressing process, and their anisotropic mechanical properties were investigated by tensile and compressive tests of $0^{\circ}$(longitudinal)-, $45^{\circ}$-, and $90^{\circ}$(transverse)-orientation specimens. About 60 vol.% of tantalum fibers were homogeneously distributed inside the amorphous matrix, which contained a small amount of polygonal crystalline particles. The ductility of the tantalum-continuous-fiber-reinforced composite under tensile or compressive loading was dramatically improved over that of the monolithic amorphous alloy, while maintaining high strength. When the fiber direction was not matched with the loading direction, the reduction of the strength and ductility was not serious because of excellent fiber/matrix interfacial strength. Observation of the anisotropic deformation and fracture behavior showed the formation of multiple shear bands, the obstruction of crack propagation by fibers, and the deformation of fibers themselves, thereby resulting in tensile elongation of 3%~4% and compressive elongation of 15%~30%. These results suggest that the liquid pressing process was useful for the development of amorphous matrix composites with excellent ductility and anisotropic mechanical properties.