• The Korean Nurse
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1991

The Study was carried out for the purpose of investigating the degree of perception in nursing activities. This study reports perceptions of nurses on the choices they make among competing activities, contrasts this perception with their opinion of what tasks they would like to spend time on. A sample of 231 clinical nurses was selected to participate in this study at two genernal hospitals in Seoul. The data was collected from July 10th to 25th, 1990. Subjects were instructed to rate one of five points likert type scale on the 43 items of nursing activities. Analysis of data was done by means of the SPSS-X Program using frequency, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The characteristics of the subjects were as follows: The age group of 25-29 yeares was 45.9%. For religion, Christians had the highest score, 68.4 % and singles in subjects were 81.4%. For academic background, 64.5% were graduated from nursing junior colleges. In the subjects, staff nurses were 86.6%. 22.5% of them had worked for less than 1 year and 20.8% had 37 months to 5 years experience at the time of the survey. 62.8% were satisfied with the job. 2. The perception level of nursing activities: 1) The mean score for perception of professional nursing functions was 4.157 point, with a maximum score set. at 5 points. The mean score for perception of priorities was 3.781. Perception of spending time was 3.932. 2) In perception of professional nursing functions, more important items were Aseptic technique (4.866), Shift and exchange of information concerning patients(4.654), Observing patients (4.799). Less important items were Transporting patients(3.411), Changing linens(3.442), Giving a bed shampoo (3.506). In priorities, more important ones. were Aseptic technique(4, 706), Shift and exchange of information concerning patients (4.524.), Observing patients(4.390), Taking vital signs (4.355). And less important ones were Changing linens (3.100), Giving bed baths(3.113), Giving back rubs(3.121). In spending time, more important ones were Aseptic technique(1.706), Observing patients (4.532), Shift and exchange of information concerning patients(4.532). And less important ones were Changing lines(3.368), Transporting patients(3.394), Giving bed baths(3.450). 3) In the role perception level, the mean distribution of perception was 3.511- 4.335; the role was perceived to be in order of frequency as a facilitator, coordinator, change agent and advocator role. The most important scale of factors by nursing activities was indirect nursing activities.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2001

Shampoos are used routinely by a large number of veterinarians to treat skin diseases. Skin pH is affected by shampoos, however, known to occur. In order to evaluate the effect of shampoos on skin surface pH, we performed the measurement of skin pH using skin pH meter PH900 in five healthy mixed breed dogs. The seven commercial shampoos: Humilac, Sebocalm, Sebolytics, Etiderm, PEroxyderm, HyLyt and Zn-7 Derm were included in this study. The anatomical sites, right thorax was the highest pH (7.66$\pm$0.10), and the lowest pH (6.20$\pm$0.23) was left pinna. A statiscally significant decrease in skin pH was found 7 minutes after application of Humilac, Sebocalm, Etiderm, Peroxyderm (p<0.01) and Sebolytics (p<0.05). After 17 minutes of application skin surface pH was inclined to increase in every shampoos but the degree of increase was slight at 77 minutes. No statiscally significant differences were found in HyLy-T and Zn-7 Derm, but skin pH was normal range (6.2-7.8) after application. Throughout the experiment skin surface pH was maintained above pH 7.0 in detergent. The commercial shampoos, Humilac, Sebocalm, Etiderm, had the decreasing effect on skin surface pH in dogs. The other four shampoos maintain the skin pH normal range. The skin pH meter PH 900 was found simple and useful for skin pH measurement.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2010

The hair nourisher products are used for prevention of hair loss and classified as quasi-drug in Korea. As concerns about hair loss has been increased, the demand for hair nourisher products has been growing. It is difficult to analyze their main ingredients because they contain various ingredients including natural plant extracts, vitamins, preservatives and exfoliators. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate simultaneous analytical methods of active ingredients in hair nourisher products such as nicotinamide, tocopherol, salicylic acid, dexpanthenol and benzyl nicotinate by HPLC. The active ingredients were separated on a $C_{18}$ column by using acetonitrile/phosphate buffer as a mobile phase, and detected at UV 220, 270 and 300 nm. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range of $12.5{\sim}800\;{\mu}g/mL$ and the recoveries were 97.3 ~ 103.5 % (RSD 0.9 ~ 2.8 %) in liquid matrix and 101.9 ~ 115.9 % (RSD 0.7 ~ 7.7 %) in shampoo matrix. Validated method was applied to hair nourisher products obtained from distribution market. Fortunately, all samples met their criteria. This study might be expected to provide the method for determining active ingredients in hair nourisher products and lead to promote a rapid market entry.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.89-103
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• 2020

A frizz hair is referred to the fly-away hairs that have become bulky or deviated from the regular hair and the cause of that is not clear known. The internal lipids are related to the physical properties of hair such as elasticity and tensile strength and interracial studies have previously conducted to relate the lipid mass and Afrikaan hair, which has a lot of frizzy hair. Although washing hair is the only way to control the hair loss without damage of hair surface, the number of washing and lipid loss are not linearly correlated. In this study, the amount of lipid hair was analyzed by washing the hair with a few different types of shampoos containing various conditioning polymers and oils of different polarities. The results confirmed that the higher the polarity of the oil, the higher the lipid content. This method was applied to Indian frizzy hair to evaluate the degree of frizziness and found that the frizzy volume was more severe for a hair with less lipids. On the other hand, the frizzy hair volume of fly-away hairs was observed more broadly for the hairs with higher lipid contents. In addition, the friction on the surface of the hair did not differ due to the oil treatment. Taken together, it was concluded that hair frizzing was affected by the amount of lipids in the hair rather than by the adhesion between the oils. Thus, this study suggests that controlling the lipid contents in hair may be an important solution in the development of hair anti-frizzy technology.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.533-541
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• 2017

In the rapidly changing 21st century, image management has become more important. Under these circumstances, as a lot of hair colors and beaching agents are used to create diverse hair colors, hair damage resulting from frequent chemical hair coloring has been inevitable. This study investigated how to reduce morphological changes in hair and hair damage after dividing hair into healthy hair('Group A') and damaged hair('Group B'), using the following bleaching agents: basic bleaching agent(a), beaching agent diluted with water(b), oil ingredient-added bleaching agent(c), water-shampoo mixed bleaching agent(d). The results found that even though hair damage can be prevented by a bleaching agent diluted with a mixture of diverse additives, there were better effects on hair texture in both 'Group A(4.83)' and 'Group B(4.41)' at a sensory test when hair was bleached with an addition of Camellia oil, according to blinded experiment, in particular. As a result, hair damage could be reduced. Therefore, this study expects that hair bleaching with an addition of Camellia oil to the mixture of a bleaching agent would bring the development of diverse new materials which can minimize hair damage as well as regulate hair brightness and make a contribution to the development of cosmetology market.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.401-404
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• 2002

A 6-month-old, male, American cocker spaniel was presented with severe pruritus, alopecia and head shaking. In physical examination generalized erythema, papules, scales and crust were observed. Otic discharge was dark-brown colored in both ear canals. After extensive dermatologic diagnostic evaluations, the infestation of scabies, ear mites, Malassezia spp, cocci were proved. Therefore, he was treated with selamectin 6 ㎎/㎏ which was applied to the skin in a single spot twice a week for 2 weeks in order to investigate the effect of selamectin on canine scabies and ear mites by this treatment protocol. When he was rechecked at 14th day after fourth being administered, scabies and ear mites wasn't seen. The dermatological signs, pruritus, papules were remarkably decreased and only slight scales were observed. After treatment of scabies and ear mites, the clavamox and koto-conazole was administered for cocci and Malassezia spp, respectively, for 1 week and topical therapy was initiated. with sebolytic and chlorhexidine shampoo once a week for 3 weeks. Two months later skin lesions were normal dermatologically and the hair was fully recovered. Despite of the expensiveness the selamectin is very effective in the dogs that infected by scabies and ear mites as this treatment protocol.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

Betamethasone propionate, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid, was detected in cosmetics with no indication on the label of this compound as an ingredient. The product was formulated as a topical spray or shampoo and labeled to contain zinc pyrithione as the active ingredient. A thin-layer chromatographic analysis was carried out on silica gel plates to provide a first indication about the presence of a compound with steroid structure and reactivity; then high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation allowed the identification of the corticosteroid agent and its quantification. To identify the corticosteroid agent from these commercial samples we collected the fractions suspected to have ketol steroids by prep HPLC and identified the compound as betamethasone propionate by NMR and MS spectrometry. Then we synthesized the standard for the betamethasone 17-propionate and 21-propionate and quantitate the corticosteroids from the sample by HPLC with that standards. By this method we identified the corticosteroid compounds from some commercial cosmetics such as zinc pyrithione sprays. The finding of betamethasone propionate in the products was shown by comparison to an authenticated standard of betamethasone propionate by retention time on reverse-phase HPLC. Two of the tested products contained betamethasone propionate at the levels of 0.005 ${\sim}$ 0.02% and the others were free of betamethasone propionate.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2018

In this study, we conducted research to find anti-wrinkle skin care ingredients from natural sources via the measurement of procollagen type 1 levels in the medium of normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) and found that a Nelumbo nucifera leave extract (NLE) was as the best effective ingredient. By the high performance liquid chromatography analysis, we confirmed isoquercitrin was one of the main compounds of NLE. Moreover, it also increased the procollagen type 1 production without cytotoxicity of NHDF. NLE and isoquercitrin exerted free radical scavenging activity. Especially, isoquercitrin exhibited strong intracellular antioxidant capacity in human skin-derived cells, HaCaT and NHDF. Finally, we performed clinical test for the inhibitory effect of NLE on skin wrinkle formation. A randomized study was conducted in 22 healthy female volunteers, aged between 30 and 65 yrs, with moderate to moderately severe facial wrinkles. Volunteer applied a 1.7% NLE cream (isoquercitrin 51 ppm) and a control cream at each facial side (left/right) twice daily for 8 weeks. The 1.7% NLE cream improved skin roughness through reducing the wrinkle of the craw's feet significantly without any skin side effect. Our results demonstrate that NLE and isoquercitrin can increase the collagen production and exert antioxidant activity. Therefore, we expect that the new non-toxic herbal extract, isoquercitrin-containing NLE will be interesting natural ingredient of cosmetics with anti-wrinkle efficacy.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

To prevent loss of hair protein during hair washing process by water through, a shield coating the pathway of water molecules was studied. Hydrophobic virgin hair, hydrophilic hair, which was damaged only methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) on the surface, and a repaired hair re-bound 18-MEA, were prepared and water mass changes by as heat were measured. Results showed that hydrophobic hairs followed bi-exponential function of 39 s and 151 s and other two hairs exhibited fast- and mono-exponential decay with 83 s, reflecting the extraction of water molecules without any resistance at the hydrophobic surface. On the assumption that hydrophobic surface resists an extraction of protein in water during the wash, the protein concentrations were compared from the hair of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface. The extracted hair proteins were 179 and 148 ㎍/mL from the hair coated with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), respectively. This study suggested that hydrophobic coating on the hair surface could be used to prevent protein loss in wash, represented by LFM. In conclusion, this research provides some useful information to contribute to the development of hair washing products that can prevent protein loss in the cleaning process by granting hydrophobic coatings.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 2022

This study attempted to establish an optimal multi-compound simultaneous analysis method that can secure reliable results for 15 - preservatives, 2 - sun screens and 1 - antioxidants of cosmetics using HPLC-PDA. Since the potential of hydrogen (pH) in the mobile phase affects the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of the preservatives, and the peak retention time shift and area change were observed. The peak separation condition was established by adjusting the pH to 0.1% H₃PO₄ addition (mL) when preparing the mobile phase. As a results of method validation, the linearity correlation coefficient (R²) of above 0.999 were obtained, and accuracy 87.9 ~ 101.1%, 0.1 ~ 7.6% precision for two types of cosmetics (cream and shampoo). It was found that the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 ~ 0.2 mg/kg and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 2.0 ~ 4.0 mg/kg. In addition, it was possible to simultaneously separate p-anisic acid, a natural compound that was difficult to separate in HPLC due to the small difference from methylparaben, a synthetic preservatives. Through this study, it will be effectively used to secure quality control and safety for compound that need restrictions on use cosmetics.