• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.2122-2130
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• 1993

A numerical and experimental study has been performed on the flow in a shallow rectangular tank accompanying a vortex shedding. The model is composed of a rectangular tank with a vertical plate with a length half the width of the tank. The tank is subject to a horizontal sinusoidal oscillation. The numerical analysis shows that the pattern of vortex shedding changes considerably when the Reynolds number $R_e$ is varied from 500 to 7500. It is symmetric for $R_e$ <1500 and asymmetric for $R_e$ > 1500. The kinetic energies of the right-hand and left-hand sides of the vertical plate are used to quantify the degree of the asymmetry. Experimental visualization is carried out at $R_e$ = 3876 and 52000. The development of the streamline pattern at $R_e$ = 3876 is in closer agreement with the numerical result at $R_e$ = 1000 than that at $R_e$ =3876. The asymmetric pattern is observed at $R_e$ = 52000.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2020

In recent years, there have been concerted efforts toward predicting ship maneuvering in shallow water since the majority of ship's accidents near harbors commonly occur in shallow and restricted waters. Enhancement of ship maneuverability at the design stage is crucial in ensuring that a ship navigates safely. However, though challenging, establishing the mathematical model of ship maneuvering motion is recognized as crucial toward accurately predicting the assessment of maneuverability. This paper focused on a study on sensitivity analysis of the hydrodynamic coefficients on the maneuverability prediction of KVLCC2 in shallow waters. Hydrodynamic coefficients at different water depths were estimated from the experimental results conducted in the square tank at Changwon National University (CWNU). The simulation of standard maneuvering of KVLLC2 in shallow waters was compared with the results of the Free Running Model Test (FRMT) in shallow waters from other institutes. Additionally the sensitivity analysis of all hydrodynamic coefficients was conducted by deviating each hydrodynamic derivative from the experimental results. The standard maneuvering parameters including turning tests and zig-zag maneuvers were conducted at different water depths and their effects on the standard maneuvering parameters were assessed to understand the importance of different derivatives in ship maneuvering in shallow waters.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.204-209
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• 2004

It is well known fact that acoustic positioning systems are absolutely needed for various underwater operations. According to the distances between their sensors they are classified into three parts: long baseline(LBL), short baseline(SBL), and ultra-short baseline(USBL). Among them the USBL system is widely used because of its simplicity, although it is the most inaccurate. Recently, in order to increase the positioning accuracy, various USBL systems using broadband signal such as MFSK(Multiple Frequency Shift Keying) are produced. However, their positioning accuracy is still limited by background noise and reflected waves. Therefore, there is difficulty in applying the USBL system using MFSK signal in a shallow water with noisy conditions. In order to examine the effect of the noise and wave reflections this paper analyze position errors for various conditions using numerical simulations. The simulation results say that tile SNR must be greater than 20dB and errors in the vertical direction are slightly increased by wave reflections by upper and lower boundaries.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 2022

To reach a port, a ship must pass through a shallow water zone where seabed effects alter the hydrodynamics acting on the ship. This study examined the maneuvering characteristics of an autonomous surface ship at 3-DOF (Degree of freedom) motion in deep water and shallow water based on the in-port speed of 1.54 m/s. The CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) method was used as a specialized tool in naval hydrodynamics based on the RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stoke) solver for maneuvering prediction. A virtual captive model test in CFD with various constrained motions, such as static drift, circular motion, and combined circular motion with drift, was performed to determine the hydrodynamic forces and moments of the ship. In addition, a model test was performed in a square tank for a static drift test in deep water to verify the accuracy of the CFD method by comparing the hydrodynamic forces and moments. The results showed changes in hydrodynamic forces and moments in deep and shallow water, with the latter increasing dramatically in very shallow water. The velocity fields demonstrated an increasing change in velocity as water became shallower. The least-squares method was applied to obtain the hydrodynamic coefficients by distinguishing a linear and non-linear model of the hydrodynamic force models. The course stability, maneuverability, and collision avoidance ability were evaluated from the estimated hydrodynamic coefficients. The hydrodynamic characteristics showed that the course stability improved in extremely shallow water. The maneuverability was satisfied with IMO (2002) except for extremely shallow water, and collision avoidance ability was a good performance in deep and shallow water.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2009

This study presents an experimental investigation of the shallow water impact of a box type structure. The analysis was done based on the video images captured by a high speed camera, the flow field obtained by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), and pressure measurements in the divided region. The video images showed quite good agreement with the description given by Korobkin. The PIV measurements of the velocity field provided a clear view of the flow pattern for all three stages. The pressure was measured at the bottom of the tank with strain gauge type pressure gauges. The pressure measurements showed the characteristics of divided regions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.485-498
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• 1998

The water-rock interaction and anthropogenic contamination affecting to geochemical composition of shallow and deep groundwaters were investigated in the agricultural area of Myunggok-ri, Kongju. The shallow groundwater is classified into the chemical types of $Ca-HCO_3$ and $Ca-Cl(SO_4)$ and shows weak acid having an average pH 6.2. Deep groundwater shows the uncontaminated composition of the chemical types of $Na-HCO_3$ and Na $(Ca)-HCO_3$ with pH of 8.4~8.8. The grouping approach of chemical data of waters shows the distinguished trend between water composition influenced anthrophogenic input and water composition mainly determined by natural process such as water-rock interaction. The main anthropogenic inputs affecting chemical composition of shallow groundwater are the contaminants such as $K^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$ having average values of 4.4 mg/l, 22 mg/l, 13.7 mg/l, respectively. The contaminants were probably derived from fertilizer, sweage, septic tank, and stable, etc. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that five deep groundwaters were recharged from different altitudes, and that shallow and deep groundwaters were originated from meteoric water. Tritium contents of waters suggest that deep groundwater was recharged before or just after 1950s, and that shallow groundwater is much younger than deep groundwater. The results of this study may serve as a basic data for the future study of shallow groundwater as a drinking water in agricultural area, in Korea.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

A numerical analysis for wave motion in the shallow water is presented. The method is based on potential theory. The fully nonlinear free surface boundary condition is assumed in an inner domain and this solution is matched along an assumed common boundary to a linear solution in outer domain. In two-dimensional problem Cauchy's integral theorem is applied to calculate the complex potential and its time derivative along boundary.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1045-1052
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• 2009

A calculation model is developed to predict the transient free surface flow on the containment floor following a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) of pressurized water reactors (PWR) for the use of debris transport evaluation. The model solves the two-dimensional Shallow Water Equation (SWE) using a finite volume method (FVM) with unstructured triangular meshes. The numerical scheme is based on a fully explicit predictor-corrector method to achieve a fast-running capability and numerical accuracy. The Harten-Lax-van Leer (HLL) scheme is used to reserve a shock-capturing capability in determining the convective flux term at the cell interface where the dry-to-wet changing proceeds. An experiment simulating a sudden break of a water reservoir with L-shape open channel is calculated for validation of the present model. It is shown that the present model agrees well with the experiment data, thus it can be justified for the free surface flow with accuracy. From the calculation of flow field over the simplified containment floor of APR1400, the important phenomena of free surface flow including propagations and interactions of waves generated by local water level distribution and reflection with a solid wall are found and the transient flow rates entering the Holdup Volume Tank (HVT) are obtained within a practical computational resource.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.7-15
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• 2003

A Digital Wave Tank simulation technique, based on a finite-difference method and a modified marker-and-cell (MAC) algorithm, is applied in order to investigate the characteristics of nonlinear Tsunami propagations and their interactions with a 2D sloping beach, Ohkushiri Island, and to predict maximum wove run-up around the island. The Navier-Stokes (NS) and continuity equation are governed in the computational domain, and the boundary values are updated at each time step, by a finite-difference time-marching scheme in the frame of the rectangular coordinate system. The fully nonlinear, kinematic, free-surface condition is satisfied by the modified marker-density function technique. The near shore Tsunami is assumed to be a solitary wave, and is generated from the numerical wave-maker in the developed Digital Wave Tank. The simulation results are compared with the experiments and other numerical methods, based on the shallow-water wave theory.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.231-239
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• 2003

A Digital Wave Tank simulation technique based on a finite-difference method and a modified marker-and-cell (MAC) algorithm is applied to investigate the characteristics of nonlinear Tsunami propagations and their interactions with a 2D sloping beach and Ohkushiri island, and to predict maximum wave run-up around the island. The Navier-Stokes (NS) and continuity equation are governed in the computational domain and the boundary values updated at each time step by a finite-difference time-marching scheme in the frame of rectangular coordinate system. The fully nonlinear kinematic free-surface condition is satisfied by the modified marker-density function technique. The Nearshore Tsunami is assumed to be a solitary wave and generated from the numerical wavemaker in the developed Digital Wave Tank. The simulation results are compared with the experiments and other numerical methods based on the shallow-water wave theory.