• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 2016

Development of shale gas has drawn increasing attention since it is one of promising alternative energy resources. However, contamination of groundwater and surface water during the extraction of shale gas is becoming a serious environmental issues, which brings the needs to treat wastewater generated from hydraulic fracking. In this study, the feasibility of membrane distillation (MD) for the treatment of shale gas wastewater was investigated using a laboratory scale experimental setup. Flat-sheet MD membranes were used to treat produced water from a shale gas well in the United States. Different configurations such as direct contact MD (DCMD) and air gap MD (AGMD) were compared in terms of flux and fouling propensity. The foulants on the surface of the membranes were examined. The results suggest that MD can treat the shale gas produced water containing more than 200,000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, which is impossible by other technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO). In this study, we investigated the possibility of processing and characterization of shale gas produce wastewater using membrane distillation. Laboratory scale membrane distillation experimental device was developed. It was compared the flat-sheet direct contact membrane distillation and flat-sheet air gap membrane distillation. AGMD flux in lower than the flux of DCMD, it was expected that the contamination caused by organic matters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.50-57
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• 2017

Shale gas reservoir are composed of very fine grained particles, and their pores are very small, at the scale of nanometers. In this study, a parametric study was implemented to investigate the effect of knudsen diffusion, relative permeability and permeability reduction in shale gas reservoir. Shale gas reservoir model in Horn-River was developed to confirm the productivity for different design parameters such as diffusion, relative permeability, connate water saturation, and permeability reduction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

This paper discusses important environmental issues that must be considered during shale gas development. Shale gas has been attracting many attention as the next key energy resource with its large abundance through easily accessible production fields, and its lower carbon dioxide & sulfur dioxide emission profile upon combustion when compared to the conventional oil and natural gas resources. Successful development of a shale gas field requires the use of hydraulic fracturing to recover hydrocarbon through the very tight shale formation, which has been frequently associated with environmental contamination issue of water, soil, and atmosphere. Therefore, environmental issues and their solution to minimize environmental impact should be considered for successful development of shale play in a future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.58-59
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• 2018

In this study, firing experiments were carried out to confirm the foamability of the expansive shale collected from the local area. When expansive shales are subjected to high temperature heat, gas is generated inside and voids are formed. Due to this phenomenon, shale is used as a raw material for lightweight aggregate. Experiments were carried out with different plastic temperature and residence time to find the appropriate plastic temperature for this expansive shale. As a result, the higher the plastic temperature, the more the surface viscosity increased and the gas generated inside were retained. Resulting in a number of internal voids. However, even if the plastic temperature or the medium temperature is high, it is confirmed that sufficient gas is not generated when the residence time is shortened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2018

In recent years, payability of shale gas production has worsened due to oil and gas price declines resulting from sharply increasing shale gas production. Reliable economic evaluation in shale gas development has become important. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation of probabilistic analysis technique was applied to analyze the economic feasibility considering the uncertainty involved in shale gas development. For this, the range of major variables is set and a random number is generated to derive the probability distribution of Net Present Value(NPV) and Internal Rate of Return(IRR). Consequently, we estimated the probability that the feasibility of the project is evaluated to be positive when developing shale gas in the study area. In addition, sensitivity analysis of major parameters affecting economic efficiency in shale gas development was carried out, and the effect of major variables in economic evaluation for commercial production was identified. In the future, this study could be used to make decision for shale gas production by presenting the range of variation of economic index and probability value.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2013

Shale gas has the potential to significantly change the way of the world's energy use. However, there are increasing concerns on environmental problems, particularly with respect to water use and wastewater treatment. This paper highlights issues related to shale gas water management and technologies currently used to address them. It also presents perspectives of emerging technologies for the treatment of shale gas wastewater, including forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.517-524
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• 2014

Two key technologies of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are recognized to achieve the rapid growth of shale gas production, in specific, in the United States during last decade. The claims between environmentalists and oil companies have been debating in terms of water contamination. Nowadays, voluntary publication of chemicals from shale gas players are available in the website, FracFocus. This paper introduces chemicals that are currently used in hydraulic fracturing process. Among chemicals, guar gum and guar derivatives are dominantly consumed to increase the viscosity of hydrofracking fluids. The role of additional additives, such as breakers and biocides, is presented by explaining how they cut down the molecular structure of guar gum and guar derivatives. In addition, crosslinking agent, pH controller, friction reducer, and water soluble polymers are also presented.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2013

Non-conventional oil resources such as shale gas are becoming increasingly important and have drawn the attention of several major oil companies all over the world. Nevertheless, the market-changing growth of shale gas production in recent years has resulted in the emergence of environmental and water management challenges. This is because the water used in the hydraulic fracturing process contains large amount of pollutants including ions, organics, and particles. Accordingly, the treatment of this flowback water from shale gas plant is regarded as one of the key technologies. In this study, we examined the feasibility of membrane distillation as a treatment technology for the water from shale gas plants. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is a thermally-driven process based on a vaper pressure gradient across a hydrophobic membrane, allowing the treatment of feed waters containing high concentration of ions. Experiments were carried out put in the lab-scale under various conditions such as membrane types, temperature difference, flow rate and so on. Synthetic feed water was prepared and used based on the data from literature. The results indicated that DCMD is suitable for treating not only low-range flowback water but also high-range flowback water. Based on the theoretical calculation, DCMD could have over 80% of recovery. Nevertheless, organic pollutants such as oil and surfactant were identified as serious barriers for the application of MD. Further works will be required to develop the optimum pretreatment for this MD process.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.389-397
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• 2018

Recently, Global Shale gas development has expanded, increasing shale gas production has transformed the energy market.As a result of the reduction of energy facilities, in order to overcome the management deterioration of domestic casting valve industry and enter the enlarged shale gas plant, tried to confirm the SWOT factor through the second questionnaire based on the questionnaire survey of related industry experts and previous studies. As a strength-strategy, presented three factors besides collaboration with domestic companies, suggested four factors including product development specialized in shale gas plant as a weakness complement. Thesis offer to scholarly-Practical implications, Internal-external environmental factors, strategization for entering New energy market. thesis offer to scholarly, Practical implications, environmental factors, strategization for entering New energy market. After, analyze a important of research strategy, would like to study the impact on the company according to the ranking of importance.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2018

Oil shale is the sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which is one of the abundant unconventional fuel. In the pyrolysis process, oil, gas and coke are produced from the decomposition of oil shale. In this study, TGA and the continuous pyrolysis of oil shale have been investigated for the clean conversion of oil shale. Effects of reaction temperature and residence time on the pyrolysis conversion and oil production rate have been determined. Conversion of oil shale increases with increasing the reaction temperature and residence time. Optimum conditions for oil production were reaction temperature of $450{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ at the residence time of 30 min.