• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.26-49
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to verify the reliability of the solar radiation model and discuss its applicability to the urban area of Seoul for summer heat stress mitigation. We extended the study area closer to the city scale and enhanced the spatial resolution sufficiently to determine pedestrian-level urban radiance. The domain was a $4km^2$ residential area with high-rise building sites. Radiance modelling (SOLWEIG) was performed with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-based detailed geomorphological land cover shape. The radiance model was evaluated using surface energy balance (SEB) observations. The model showed the highest accuracy on a clear day in summer. When the mean radiation temperature (MRT) was simulated, the highest value was for a low-rise building area and road surface with a low shadow effect. On the other hand, for high-rise buildings and vegetated areas, the effect of shadows was large and showed a relatively low value of mean radiation temperature. The method proposed in this study exhibits high reliability for the management of heat stress in urban areas at pedestrian height. It is applicable for many urban micro-climate management functions related to natural and artificial urban settings; for example, when a new urban infrastructure is planned.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1996

The coastal plains of the Puna and Ka' u Districts of the island of Hawaii are a contradiction to the popular view that the island of Hawaii is a tropical rain forest or a vegetated landscape with abundant water sour This section of the island lies in the rain shadow of Mauna Loa a Kilauea Volcanoes and receives less than 30 inches of annual precipita When rain does come. it is in the form of sudden down pours. givi residents of the area little time to collect and conserve water. Due to porous nature of the rock. there is no standing surface water. In spite of these harsh climatic conditions. archeological evidence indic that an extensive agriculture complex existed not only along the coast. into the most remote parts of what is called the Ka'u Desert. Pass through these agricultural areas are historic and pre - historic t systems. These trail systems apparently played a significant suppor role for exchange between the ahupua's (classic land divisions of Haw and the geopolitical districts. The question arises as to how could vast agricultural complexes a heavy foot travel over miles of arid land exist without dependable wa sources\ulcorner While planting - pits and mounds were designed to make most efficient use of available water and conserve moisture(Carter 19 9). people involved in planting also needed potable water for surv Most publications and research papers dealing with the early population this area make only oblique reference to springs and wells which t populations depended upon. The Federal Cave Resource Protection Act(1988) has served as imprtus for the National Park Service to look closer at the lava tu caves and fault cracks within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. P visitors to these underground areas found large volumes of standing wa in fault cracks. and abundant drip areas with the lava tubes. Re observes noted that in most cases. where the cracks and caves we located in the arid sections of the park. there has been extens modifiacation or utilization of these water sources by the early Hawaii and others. The variety of western containers used for collection indica that these water sources were used during historic times. William E described similar water sources in his narrative of his trip around island in 1823(Eills 1979), This report is directed at documenting recent observations and a stimulating further research into early Hawaiian water collection syst It also explores the implications that power and political influence of e chiefs in the arid portions of Hawaii could have been linked to the con of the water resources.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 1998

Anal endosonography has recently been popularized in adult patients in order to access staging of rectal cancer and other lesions of the anorectum. This study is not familiar to pediatric surgeons. We performed anal endosonography in 30 children without anorectal disease in order to determine the standard morphology of the anorectum. The internal anal sphincter(IAS) was clearly identified as a homogeneous hypoechoic circular band, extending caudally to a level just proximal to the anal verge. The external anal sphincter(EAS) showed mixed echogenicity and different architecture along the anal canal; the EAS was U-shape in the upper canal and it had a circular pattern in the lower canal. In the upper canal of girls, the perineal body and the vagina were found just anterior of the anal canal, which made the U shape of the EAS. In the male, the sphincter tapered anteriorly into two arcs that met in the midline. The perineal body was prominent in the female. Posteriorly, the anococcygeal ligament was represented by a triangular shadow in both sex. The thickness of the IAS was measured in 3 directions, left, right and posterior, at 3 levels, upper, middle and lower areas of the anal canal. The average thickness was 0.86-2.40 mm between 6 and 18 months of age(Group 1), 0.88-3.20 mm between 19 and 36(Group 2), 1.07-2.20 mm between 37 and 54(Group 3) and 1.18-2.42 mm more than 54-month-old(Group 4). The thickness was correlated with the age of the children only in the right upper(p=0.008) and the left middle portion(p=0.015). We were able to obtain standard morphologic features of the normal anal canal in children with anal endosonography. We believe that this technique is a safe and an effective procedure to evaluate anorectal lesions in children.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.40-48
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• 2013

Utilization of CCTV in crime prevention for public safety is accepted as the most effective measure in terms of crime prevention and control. Also, it is frequently used as a device that shows evidence of an unexpected situation or record on public social relationship. However, it is rare to find a study that qualitatively accessed the monitoring performance of a certain space depending on the choice and positioning of CCTVs. Thus, this study suggested a technology that can quantitatively compare and assess the monitoring performance of CCTVs depending on view angle and effective sight range of cameras as well as the monitoring performance depending on positioning measures. For the analysis, the concept of 3-dimensional surveillance field in the form of a frustum was suggested while deriving 3-dimensional range of sight and quantitative monitoring performance by applying Isovist theory. For the analysis technology, space of analysis subject, point of view (camera), and target point (measurement node) were installed at a 3-dimensional space and in use of ray-tracing algorithm, the line segment that was visually connected between the point of view and target point was extracted and accumulated. For such verification, analysis application was constructed and then applied to four alternative models on view angle and distance as well as four alternatives on positioning in order to verify its efficacy. Through the experiment, it was possible to compare and assess visibility depending on alternatives while quantifying the results by understanding the shadow areas beyond the monitoring range.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.564-573
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• 2015

GPS is the representative positioning technology for providing the location information. This technique has the disadvantage that does not operate in the shadow areas, such as urban or dense forest and the interior. This paper proposes a hybrid indoor positioning algorithm, which estimates a more accurate location of the terminal using strength of the Wi-Fi signal from the indoor AP. To determine the location of the user, we establish the most appropriate path loss model for the measurement environment. by using the RSSI value measured in a variety of environment such as building structure, person, distance, etc. The path loss exponent obtained by the path loss model is changed according to the environment. REKF, PF estimate the position of the terminal by using measured value from the AP with path loss exponent. For more accurate position estimation, we select positioning system by the value of threshold measured by experiments rather than a single positioning system. Experimental results using the proposed hybrid algorithm show that the performance is improved by about 17% than the conventional single positioning method.

• Strategy21
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• s.39
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• pp.114-139
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• 2016

Korea and China are neighboring countries with close contacts in many areas from long time ago, and have shared interests in maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, and in deepening economic relationship which has been mutually complementary in their nature. Therefore their bilateral relations has been developed at a remarkable pace to the extent that it can't be better than now. However, the differences in their responses to North Korean nuclear test and ensuing long-range ballistic missile test-fire and the Chinese strong concern on the possible deployment of THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Air Defence) anti-missile system in Korea show that there are some weaknesses in their relations. For example, Korea is not still confident that China would fully implement the sanction measures contained in the UNSC resolution and I argue that Chinese proposal of parallel negotiation of the denuclearization and the replacement of Korean armistice with the Peace Agreement is not much persuasive. In THAAD issue, if Korea comes to conclusion in the future that THAAD is the most effective way to counter North Korean threats, Korea should make every efforts to assure China that Korea-US alliance is not targeting China, and the THAAD is a defensive system, not damaging Chinese security. In the longer-term, deepening strategic distrust and competition between the US and China in this part of East Asia, changing nature of economic cooperation between Korea and China, and the revival of 'great country mentality' by Chinese people together with the rising nationalism in both Korea and China would cast shadow on Korea-China relation in the years ahead, unless properly handled. In this regard, I suggest that the security communications between the two countries be further strengthened, and the tri-lateral dialogue channel be established among the three countries of Korea, the US and China, particularly on North Korean issues. I also suggest the new pattern of economic cooperation be sought, considering the changing economic environment in China, while strengthening the efforts to understand each other through more interactions between the two peoples.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.657-664
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• 2005

Man's search for beauty has been going on from prehistoric time until today, and the pursuit of beauty has been progressing, regardless of the times, as a human psychological desire. In the search for beauty, hair and make-up have been subjects of interest for a long time, but the development of designs for these two aspects are still behind compared to other areas. Therefore, this study aims to propose various new and creative hair and make-up designs and to suggest their possible development. Using existing literature, this paper studied the skin color and hair color of Koreans that had been studied in earlier papers. It also aimed to understand the hair color and hair color images that are suitable for each skin color, classify the modern hair and make-up trends into different images - natural, surrealistic, minimalist, and cyber look, and also analyze them. Actual hair and make-up were also designed based on these images. To depict the natural image, the make-up was made intentionally dark as the skin color; natural materials were used for hair decoration; brown and yellow were used for the eye shadow to express the natural and romantic image of autumn, in general. Second, in the work expressing the surrealistic image, the hair was creatively decorated with a collage of various objects; yellow, green, and red eye shadows and lip expression were used to visually achieve the surrealistic fantasy look. Thirdly, in the work expressing the minimalist image, hair style with bangs without any hair decoration was used; make-up colors were minimized as well, creating a generally simple image. Finally, for the work expressing the cyber image, metallic material decoration was used on a puff-up hair style; the cyber image was emphasized through the use of graphical elements in the make-up.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.57-66
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• 2009

Zigbee is a universal communication standard used in USN and is utilized in various applications. Zigbee protocol provides an address within a single PAN network, and at this time, it uses DAA. This is a method that divides a 16-bit address area into blocks with a fixed size according to the depth to assign one to each node. However, this method is limited because it has to assign addresses in 16 bits. As the depth increases, the number of nodes also increases exponentially to the maximal number of routers provided to each depth. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a huge network with numerous routers and large depth as in the places which are wide or have many shadow areas. Besides, since all the operations are performed in a single PAN network, it is hard to make several PANs into a single network. This article suggests new addressing and routing methods that can construct several PAN networks into a single network and combine broad area with less limitation in the number of routers and depth by extending the Zigbee-based network. Moreover, this paper has tested its performance and has verified its usability through substantive tests.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.1B
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• pp.51-59
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• 2011

It is the background that the provision of the mobile WiMAX femtocell trial service of a leading mobile telecommunication service operator using small base stations for indoor mobile broadband services and coverage expansion through eliminations of shadow areas in this paper. The paper presents an analysis result of trial subscribers' usage satisfaction for the mobile WiMAX femtocell service and suggests a market approach strategy of a mobile WiMAX femtocell service based on the analysis result. The interesting influence factors are extracted from wide influence factors suggested by existing research literature related with mobile service usage satisfaction and confined to a system quality, a service quality, and an account structure with consideration for attributes of mobile WiMAX femtocell service under exploring its early stages of service market. And then we analyze impacts of the factors to the mobile WiMAX femtocell service usage satisfaction. As a result, a system quality and an account structure have a tendency to provide considerable impacts to subscribers' usage satisfaction for mobile WiMAX femtocell service which is immature in both its technology and market. Therefore a market approach with the preferential consideration of the two factors will be valid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2009

In this paper, a virtual force is generated and fed back to the operator to make the teleoperation more reliable, which reflects the relationship between a slave robot and an uncertain remote environment as a form of an impedance. In general, for the teleoperation, the teleoperated mobile robot takes pictures of the remote environment and sends the visual information back to the operator over the Internet. Because of the limitations of communication bandwidth and narrow view-angles of camera, it is not possible to watch certain regions, for examples, the shadow and curved areas. To overcome this problem, a virtual force is generated according to both the distance between the obstacle and the robot and the approaching velocity of the obstacle w.r.t the collision vector based on the ultrasonic sensor data. This virtual force is transferred back to the master (two degrees of freedom joystick) over the Internet to enable a human operator to estimate the position of obstacle at the remote site. By holding this master, in spite of limited visual information, the operator can feel the spatial sense against the remote environment. It is demonstrated by experiments that this collision vector based haptic reflection improves the performance of teleoperated mobile robot significantly.