• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2016

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2013

The present study was examined seed germination and growth characteristics of Cynanchum wilfordii under the following conditions such as soaking temperature, concentrations of $GA_3$, trays and soil types, and shading conditions. In seed pre-treatment, germination rate was the highest at 93% when soaked in 100 ppm $GA_3$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and seedling growth was best in 50 plug cell tray. Physiological quality was best in the condition in which seeds were treated with 10 ppm $GA_3$ at $20^{\circ}C$. Taking into consideration the seedling growth, their physiological quality as well as economical aspects, seedlings with plant height (over 10 cm) and root length (over 10 cm) were grown vigorously 30-45 days after the seeds were sown in mid-April in TKS, TKS+perlite and TKS+rice hull of 128 or 200 plug cell tray.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2018

산채는 주로 산지에서 자생하는 것을 채취하거나 자생지와 비슷한 환경의 임간에서 재배하여 수확을 한다. 본 시험은 차광처리를 통해 산지가 아닌 노지에서 산채 재배 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 대상작목은 개미취(Aster tataricus), 눈개승마(Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus), 단풍취(Ainsliaea acerifolia), 박쥐나물(Parasenecio auricudatus var. matsumurana), 산마늘(Allium microdictyon), 어수리(Heracleum moellendorffii), 우산나물(Syneilesis palmata)이다. 시험작목을 전북 남원시 허브시험장(표고 500m) 포장에서 2017년 4월에 종묘를 정식하여 약 2년간 재배하였다. 고온기인 5월부터 9월까지 35%, 55%, 75%, 95% 차광정도를 달리하여 설치 한 후 시설 내의 기온, 상대습도 등 환경조건 및 재배작물의 고사율, 출현율, 생육특성 등을 조사하였다. 시설 내부의 평균 기온은 차광정도가 높아질수록 다소 낮아졌으며, 상대습도는 점차 높아졌다. 차광정도별 고사율을 조사한 결과 개미취, 어수리, 우산나물의 경우는 차광비율에 상관없이 각각 3.6%, 5.7%, 9.8%로 낮게 나타났다. 반면 단풍취와 산마늘의 경우 차광 비율에 따른 편차가 크지는 않았지만 최대 고사율이 각각 20.0%, 36.8%로 다소 높게 나타났다. 또한 눈개승마 75% 차광에서 50.0%, 박쥐나물 35% 차광에서 100% 고사율을 보여 적정 차광비율 선정 필요하다고 판단된다. 정식 2년차 4월 평균 출현율은 개미취 100%, 눈개승마 86.2%, 단풍취 84.3%, 박쥐나물 77.9%, 산마늘 97.5%, 어수리 88.9%, 우산나물 96.3%이었다. 다만 단풍취, 박쥐나물은 차광정도가 높아질수록 출현율이 높아졌고, 어수리는 차광정도가 높아질수록 다소 출현율이 낮아졌다. 또한 생육특성 조사 결과 초장은 단풍취를 제외하고 차광처리별 경향성이 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았으며, 엽장과 엽폭은 산마늘을 제외한 작목들은 차광이 강할수록 커지는 경향이었다. SPAD 값은 개미취와 산마늘은 처리구역별 차이가 없었으나, 나머지 작물은 차광이 높아질수록 SPAD 값도 커졌다. 시험결과 표고 500m지역에서 개미취, 산마늘, 어수리, 우산나물은 차광수준에 따른 생육의 차이가 크지 않거나 차광이 낮아도 생육이 비교적 양호하였다. 그러나 단풍취와 박쥐나물은 차광정도에 따라 생육의 차이가 분명하였으며, 차광이 높아질수록 생육이 좋아졌다. 이를 바탕으로 산채류 노지재배를 위해서는 연차 간 작목별 생육특성, 수량성, 상품율, 경제적 분석 등의 추가적인 조사가 이루어져 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2020

This study was aimed to establish the most effective approach for the cultivation of Veronica rotunda var. subintegra (Nakai) T.Yamaz. plants, which was expected as new ornamental plants. We conducted an experiment using plug seedlings, varied the seeding container type and seeding rate. We also varied seedling quality, planting container, soil type, and shading ratio. Seedling quality was used seedlings produced from different seeding containers and seeding rates. The seedling quality were seeding growth using 162, 200, and 288 trays, and seedings rate was used seedlings produced by sowing 1, 2, 4 and 6 seeds. As a result, 162 trays of seedlings were suitable for use in this study. Plants grown with one seed per cell in individual cells exhibited increased individual growth, but those grown with four seeds per cell exhibited better growth for the whole plant. According to seedling quality, seedlings produced in the 162 trays or with four seeds per cell showed higher growth than other seedlings. In the cultivation of V. rotunda var. subintegra (Nakai) T.Yamaz., seedling growth increased depending on container capacity for both shoot and root parts. Container material had no significant impact on seedling growth. Seedlings grew the best on horticultural substrate, and showed better growth on mixed soils with high decomposed granite content than on peatmoss.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1995

Weed control in the Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) garden is more difficult than in other crops because the ginseng is a perennial crop and has to be cultivated under the artificial shading. As hand weeding is the only practical means to control weed after crop establishment, a selective herbicide would greatly simplify the control of weed in ginseng garden. In an exploratory experiment, the hervicide Fluazifop-butyl was found to be selectively safe for the Korean ginseng plants. Various rates of Fluazifop-butyl were sprayed on 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants as a foliar spray to detect crop injury and to difine their critical concentration. No apparent injury to the ginseng plant was noticable even the doubled application rate of Fluazifop-butyl the based on recommended dosage. Neither abnormal foliar change nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants treated with Fluazifop-butyl tripled the recommended usage. The foliar treatments of Fluazifop-butyl did not influence the photosynthesis ability but inhibited the respiration of the ginseng leaf.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2020

Recently, the radio navigation method utilizing the GPS(Global Positioning System) satellite information is widely used as the method to measure the position of objects. As GPS applications become wider and fields based on various positioning information emerge, new methods for achieving higher accuracy are required. In the case of autonomous vehicles, the INS(Inertial Navigation System) using the IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit), and the DR(Dead Reckoning) algorithm using the in-vehicle sensor, are used for the purpose of preventing degradation of accuracy of the GPS and to measure the position in the shadow area. However, these positioning methods have many elements of problems due not only to the existence of various shaded areas such as building areas that are continually enlarged, tunnels, underground parking lots and but also to the limitations of accumulation-based location estimation methods that increase in error over time. In this paper, an efficient positioning method in a large underground parking space using Fingerprint method is proposed by placing the AP(Access Points) and directional antennas in the form of four anchors using WLAN, a popular means of wireless communication, for positioning the vehicle in the GPS shadow area. The proposed method is proved to be able to produce unchanged positioning results even in an environment where parked vehicles are moved as time passes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring $30{\times}17{\times}17cm$, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-48
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• 2010

This present study was conducted to investigate photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll contents of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Prunus leveilleana, Magnolia sieboldii, growing under four different light intensity regimes (full sun, and 64~73%, 35~42%, 9~16% of full sun). As result, Betula platyphylla var. japonica showed outstanding photosynthetic capacity and apparent quantum yield in full sun and showed low shade tolerance. Prunus leveilleana showed good photosynthetic capacity and apparent quantum yield in 64~73% or 35~42% of full sun and showed common shade tolerance. However, Magnolia sieboldii showed good photosynthetic capacity and apparent quantum yield in 35~42% of full sun, while the lowest in full sun. Magnolia sieboldii showed the highest shade tolerance compared to the other species. As the shading level increased, the total chlorophyll contents of all species increased with significant difference.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2014

To investigate the influence of surrounding environment on the plant temperature and examine the effect of plant temperature control by fogging and airflow, plant temperature of tomato, inside and outside air temperature and relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed were measured and analyzed under various experimental conditions in plastic greenhouse with two-fluid fogging systems and air circulation fans. According to the analysis of plant temperature and the change of inside and outside air temperature in each condition, inside air temperature and plant temperature were significantly higher than outside air temperature in the control and shading condition. However, in the fogging condition, inside air temperature was lower or slightly higher than outside air temperature. It showed that plant temperature could be kept with the temperature similar to or lower than inside air temperature in fogging and airflow condition. To derive the relationship between surrounding environmental factor and plant temperature, we did multiple regression analysis. The optimum regression equation for the temperature difference between plant and air included solar radiation, wind speed and vapor pressure deficit and RMS error was $0.8^{\circ}C$. To investigate whether the fogging and airflow contribute to reduce high temperature stress of plant, photosynthetic rate of tomato leaf was measured under the experimental conditions. Photosynthetic rate was the highest when using both fogging and airflow, and then fogging, airflow and lastly the control. So, we could assume that fogging and airflow can make better effect of plant temperature control to reduce high temperature stress of plant which can increase photosynthetic rate. It showed that the temperature difference between plant and air was highly affected by surrounding environment. Also, we could estimate plant temperature by measuring the surrounding environment, and use it for environment control to reduce the high temperature stress of plant. In addition, by using fogging and airflow, we can decrease temperature difference between plant and air, increase photosynthetic rate, and make proper environment for plants. We could conclude that both fogging and airflow are effective to reduce the high temperature stress of plant.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2008

For the eco-friendly control of fruit rot of fig, disease incidences according to the cultural practices at 51 fig orchards in south coast area of Korea were surveyed in 2002, and the effect of soil mulch and potassium phosphonate on fruit rot of fig was evaluated from 2002 to 2004. Diseased fruits of fig orchards of open field, rain shading, and vinyl house were 33.3%, 7.5%, and 0%, respectively. Diseased fruits were rated at 34.6%, 35.7%, and 27% as the tree spacing of $2m{\times}2m,\;2m{\times}3m,\;and\;3m{\times}4m$, respectively. Among the soil mulching materials, barley straw showed disease incidence of 1.8% and 3.5% of diseased fruits compared to 42.1% and 48% of no mulching in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Diseased fruits in dark paper film mulching were recorded at 4.8% and 12% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, which were lower than those in dark polyethylene film mulching at 11.2% and 26.2%. When potassium phosphonate(1,000 ppm) was sprayed 3 times with 10 days intervals from the beginning of disease occurrence, disease incidences were rated at 3.0% and 2.0% in 2003 and 2004, respectively, which were much lower than those of control at 45.9 % and 39.3%.