• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.45-55
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• 2018

R2RML is a W3C standard language that defines how to expose the relational data as RDF triples. The output from an R2RML mapping is only an RDF dataset. By definition, the dataset has no schema. The lack of schema makes the dataset in linked data portal impractical for integrating and analyzing data. To address this issue, we propose an approach for generating automatically schemas for RDF graphs populated by R2RML mappings. More precisely, we represent the schema using ShEx, which is a language for validating and describing RDF. Our approach allows to generate ShEx schemas as well as RDF datasets from R2RML mappings. Our ShEx schema can provide benefits for both data providers and ordinary users. Data providers can verify and guarantee the structural integrity of the dataset against the schema. Users can write SPARQL queries efficiently by referring to the schema. In this paper, we describe data structures and algorithms of the system to derive ShEx documents from R2RML documents and presents a brief demonstration regarding its proper use.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.33-43
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a method to automatically generate the description of an RDF graph structure. The description is expressed in Shape Expression Language (ShEx), which is developed by W3C and provides the syntax for describing the structure of RDF data. The RDF graphs to which this method can be applied are limited to those generated by the direct mapping, which is an algorithm for transforming relational data into RDF by W3C. A relational database consists of its schema including integrity constraints and its instance data. While the instance data can have been published in RDF by some standard methods such as the direct mapping, the translation of the schema has been missing so far. Unlike the users on relational databases, the ones on RDF datasets were forced to write repeated vague SPARQL queries over the datasets to acquire the exact results. This is because the schema for RDF data has not been provided to the users. The ShEx documents generated by our method can be referred as the schema on writing SPARQL queries. They also can validate data on RDF graph update operations with ShEx validators. In other words, they can work as the integrity constraints in relational databases.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.67-80
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a system which automatically generates the ShEx schemas to describe and validate RDF knowledge graphs constructed by RML mapping. ShEx schemas consist of constraints. The proposed system generates most of the constraints by converting the RML mapping rules. The schemas consisting only of constraints obtained from mapping rules can help users to figure out the structure of the graphs generated by RML mapping, but they are not sufficient for sophisticated validation purposes. For users who need a schema for validation, the proposed system is also able to provide the schema with added constraints generated from metadata extracted from the input data sources for RML mapping. The proposed system has the ability to handle CSV, XML, JSON or RDBMS as input data sources. Testing results from 297 cases show that the proposed system can be applied for RDF graph validation in various practical cases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.249-253
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• 1987

Antimicrobial activities of three different extracts from experimentally prepared scute decoction, commercial scute decoction and an extract from Scutellaria baicalensis were evaluated and their inhibitory potencies were compared. Both the extracts from scute decoction and Scutellaria showed rather strong antimicrobial activities against E. coli and St. aureus at the low concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. On the other hand, the extract of commercial scute decoction was found to show an inhibitory effect at higher concentration (75 mg/ml). All preparations did not inhibit the fungal growth of Aspergillus niger. Both Sh. dysenteriae (Subgroup A) and Sh. boydii (Subgroup C) which were used for determination of the strain differences in Shigelia spp. had almost the same susceptibility to the extract from sucute decoction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.132-138
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• 1981

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed in an effort to determine which types of chemical interactions play essential roles for the system, , $H_2O+CH_2SH^+$, and $H_2O+ CH_2S$. The most important contribution to the interaction energy in controlling reaction path is the exchange repulsion energy, EX, which is largely responsible for the shape of the total interaction energy curve. In the ion-molecule reaction, prior protonation of thioformaldehyde or prior deprotonation of water leads to formation of the corresponding ionic adducts ($H_2O+CH_2SH$ and $HOCH_2S^-$), with no barrier to reaction, simulating specific acid and base catalysis, respectively, as in the case of formaldehyde. Otherwise, approach of water to thioformaldehyde gives rise to a completely repulsive interaction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1953-1961
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• 2014

Increasing public concerns over odors and air regulations necessitates the remediation of a wide range of odor substances for industrial and indoor purpose. Currently, the wet scrubbing technique by neutralization using oils is being used to treat odor substances such as Ammonia($NH_3$), Methyl Mercaptan($CH_3SH$), Hydrogen Sulfide($H_2S$), Methylamine($CH_3NH_2$), Acetaldehyde($CH_3CHO$). The chemical analysis is performed to analyze the composition of an Arctium Lappa Root extract by VOC analyzer(Phocheck 5000Ex, ION SCIENCE co.) The objectives of the this study are to clarify the possibility of the neutralization of odors sprayed in the fixed bed and determine the removal efficiencies for different input odor concentrations. It is found that Ammonia($NH_3$), Methyl Mercaptan($CH_3SH$), Hydrogen Sulfide($H_2S$), Methylamine($CH_3NH_2$), Acetaldehyde($CH_3CHO$) are significantly removed and their removal efficiencies are higher than 98%. The kitchen detergent with Arctium Lappa Root extract showed excellent removal efficiencies of odor substances and high possibility for the development of kitchen detergent with odor removal.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the utility of bituminous coal fly ash, gypsum, oyster shell as soil amendments, aadic clayloam paddy soils with low calaum content were amended in the upper 15㎝ with amendments, and then Chinese cabbage was cultivated under plastic film house. Amendments treated were, in metric tons per hectare, i) none(Check) ; ii) 80 fly ash(FA) ; iii) 4 shell(SH) ; iv) 56 fly ash+24 gypsum (FG) ; v) 40 fly ash+24 gypsum+0.8 shell(FGS). On the whole, soil chemical properties were improved by amendments treatments. Amongst treatments, FA prominently neutralized soil pH and increased contents of Av. $P_2O_5$, Ex. K, and Av. B in soils. Besides, it showed the highest ratio in bacteria/fungi and (bacteria+actinomycetes)/fungi. FGS also affected the neutralization of soil pH and the increment of Ex. Mg. Amendments plants appeared alkaline damages only at early growing stage, but showed positive responses in fresh weight yields : 23% for FGS : 21% for FG : 19 18% for SH. At harvesting, leaves both of FA and FGS plants had higher values in contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, reduang-sugar, and vitamin-C than of others. In especial, Check plants appeared the heart rot symptoms owing to calaum defiaency differently from amendments plants. Taken together, FGS was an effective combination enable to maximize the utility of fly ash, gypsum, shell as soil amendments, espeaally in cabbage yield and quality.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.459-466
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• 2016

Adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for metabolic homeostasis and nutrient signaling during development. However, limited information is available on the pivotal modulators of adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Adaptor protein Lnk (Src homology 2B3 [SH2B3]), which belongs to a family of SH2-containing proteins, modulates the bioactivities of different stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. In this study, we investigated whether an interaction between insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and Lnk regulated IGF-1-induced adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. We found that wild-type MSCs showed greater adipogenic differentiation potential than $Lnk^{-/-}$ MSCs. An ex vivo adipogenic differentiation assay showed that $Lnk^{-/-}$ MSCs had decreased adipogenic differentiation potential compared with wild-type MSCs. Interestingly, we found that Lnk formed a complex with IGF-1R and that IGF-1 induced the dissociation of this complex. In addition, we observed that IGF-1-induced increase in the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin was triggered by the dissociation of the IGF-1R-Lnk complex. Expression levels of a pivotal transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR-{\gamma}$) and its adipogenic target genes (LPL and FABP4) significantly decreased in $Lnk^{-/-}$ MSCs. These results suggested that Lnk adaptor protein regulated the adipogenesis of MSCs through the $IGF-1/Akt/PPAR-{\gamma}$ pathway.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.451-456
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• 2015

Purpose: Neuronal apoptotic events induced by aging and hypoxic/ischemic conditions is an important risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The peel of Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka has long been used as a traditional medicine, based on multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity. In the current study, we examined the actions of fermented C. sunki peel extract against cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$)-mediated hypoxic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Cell viability was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Expression of apoptosis related proteins and release of cytochrome c were detected by western blot. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic morphology were examined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results: Exposure to $CoCl_2$, a well-known mimetic agent of hypoxic/ischemic condition, resulted in neuronal cell death via caspase-3 dependent pathway. Extract of fermented C. sunki peel significantly rescued the $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal toxicity with the cell viability and appearance of apoptotic morphology. Cytoprotection with fermented C. sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in activities of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, increase in the intracellular ROS and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol were inhibited by treatment with extract of fermented C. sunki peel. Conclusion: Based on these data, fermented C. sunki peel extract might have a protective effect against $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal injury partly through generation of ROS and effectors involved in mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.409-424
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• 2019

Objectives: This research aimed to confirm the efficacy of oriental medicine in sixth cranial nerve palsy and to evaluate the quality of the studies. Methods: Using the medical subject heading (MeSH) keywords "abducens nerve palsy", "abducens nerve paralysis", "sixth nerve palsy", "herbal medicine", "Chinese medicine", "oriental medicine" and "acupuncture", we collected the research papers through an electronic database search in Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), National Discovery for Science Leaders (NDSL), PubMed, Cochran Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Results: A total of 136 papers were searched from the databases. Among these, 15 case reports and 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met our criteria. 17 articles were found on the use of acupuncture as the main intervention, 11 on the use of herbal medicine as the main intervention, and 9 on the use of electroacupuncture as the main intervention. The frequently used acupoints were LI4, EX-HN5, GB1, BL2, TE23, LR3, BL1, ST2, GB20, and ST36. All 23 studies confirmed the efficacy of Korean medicine. According to the assessment using the risk of bias, the overall quality of the RCTs was low. Conclusions: Twenty-three papers suggested that Korean medicine treatment for abducens nerve palsy was effective in many cases. Analyzing the potential bias was difficult.