• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2004

The influence of TBTO (Tributyltin-Oxide) at a series of concentrations (0.52, 1.41 and 3.05 $\mu$g/L) for a period of 3 weeks on estradiol-17$\beta$, testosterone and cortisol levels in male Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli was investigated. Compared to the stable concentration of estradiol-17$\beta$, plasma testosterone level was decreased significantly at the 3rd week after TBTO exposure in plasma of fish (＞1.41 $\mu$g/L). The most profound physiological variation in TBTO exposed fish was a dramatic increase in plasma cortisol level at 3rd week. Conclusively, TBTO exposure caused increase level of cortisol as well as alteration of testosterone in the Korean rockfish. These results suggest that TBTO at environmentally relevant (nanomolar) concentrations disrupt endocrine secretions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.491-502
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• 2020

Sex/gender disparity has been shown in the incidence and prognosis of many types of diseases, probably due to differences in genes, physiological conditions such as hormones, and lifestyle between the sexes. The mortality and survival rates of many cancers, especially liver cancer, differ between men and women. Due to the pronounced sex/gender disparity, considering sex/gender may be necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. By analyzing research articles through a PubMed literature search, the present review identified 12 genes which showed practical relevance to cancer and sex disparities. Among the 12 sex-specific genes, 7 genes (BAP1, CTNNB1, FOXA1, GSTO1, GSTP1, IL6, and SRPK1) showed sex-biased function in liver cancer. Here we summarized previous findings of cancer molecular signature including our own analysis, and showed that sex-biased molecular signature CTNNB1^High, IL6^High, RHOA^High and GLIPR1^Low may serve as a female-specific index for prediction and evaluation of OS in liver cancer patients. This review suggests a potential implication of sex-biased molecular signature in liver cancer, providing a useful information on diagnosis and prediction of disease progression based on gender.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 1989

Guppy fry were treated for the first 40 days of life with 0, 20, 40, 60 & 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ of estradiol per gram of food in order to change the sex of normal males to functional females(genetic male). The present investigation deals with the effects of steroid hormones, such as $\beta$-estradiol and testosterone, on the sex differentiation in guppy and tilapia. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In B (20$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet) group 17$\beta$-estradiol-treated, 67.8% of male offsprings were produced. 2. In D (60$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet) group 17$\beta$-treated, 67% of female offsprings were produced. 3. B, D groups of genetic male brooders had significantly different effects (P<0.01) upon sex ratios of their progeny. 4. This strongly indicates that sex direction has been achieved and that the male is the heterogametic sex. 5. The group that produced the highest percentage of male offspring(male percentage of observed number to expected number was 91%) contained only full-sibling male brooders to the sex-reversed female brooders. 6. After 7 months following treatment, the sex-reversed males had ovarian portion in the anterior region and a testicular portion in the posterior region of the same intersexual gonad, respectively. 7. At 7 months after treatment, the ovareis revealed a complete arrest of the ovarian formation, and appearances of spermatogenetic cell cysts among surviving auxocytes. 8. In most of sex-reversed fish, anterior portion of test is was devoid of sperm ducts including the seminal vesicle and vas deferens. 9. The male transferrin showed two strong bands, while the female transferrin showed a single weak band. 10. One of the two bands of male transferrin showed the same mobility with band of female transferrin.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.574-580
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• 1998

Changes in plasma levels of thyroid and sex steroid Hormones were examined during maturation and parturition periods in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) cultured in net pens. Plasma L-thyroxine levels were $35.2{\pm}5.7\;ng/m{\ell}\;(n=\;5;\;mean\;{\pm}\;sem)$ at vitellogenesis stage and then significantly decreased to $20.5\;{\pm}\;4.2\;ng/m{\ell}$ at parturition stage (P<0.05), and rapidly returned to high level, $44.9{\pm}\;7.2\;ng/m{\ell}$ at resting stage. Plasma 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine levels were 12.9 $\pm$ 1.6 ng/ml at vitellogenesis stage, but significantly decreased to $3.7{\pm}0.7\;ng/m{\ell}$ at ovulation stage (P<0.05) and increased to $52.9{\pm}7.0\;ng/m{\ell}$ at jesting stage. Plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ level showed the highest value ($4.3{\pm}0.9\;ng/m{\ell}$) at vitellogenesis stage, but the level significantly decreased to $0.3{\pm}0.1\;ng/m{\ell}$, during parturition stage (P<0.05). In vitellogenesis and ovulation stages, plasma testosterone levels were $1.8{\pm}0.3\;ng/m{\ell}$ and $2.1{\pm}0.7\;ng/m{\ell}$, respectively, thereafter the level significantly decreased to $0.1{\pm}0.1\;ng/m{\ell}$ at parturition stage (P<0.05). These findings suggest that thyroid hormones may have relation to maturation and parturition of mother rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.431-438
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• 2000

To clarify the annual reproductive cycle in a rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, monthly changes in gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and histological feature of gonads and plasma levels of sex steroid hormones ($estradiol-l7{\beta},\;17{\alpha},\;20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one,\;testosterone\;and\;11-ketotestosterone$) were investigated. The annual reproductive cycle in females could be divided into 5 periods as follows: 1) recovery period (June to September): serum level of $estradiol-l7{\beta}$ increased gradually; 2) vitellogenesis period (Septemer to february) : vitellogenic oocytes were obsewed, GSI sustained high value, and serum level of $estradiol-l7{\beta}$ increased; 3) gestation period (February-April): developing larva showed in the ovary, and serum levels of $17{\alpha},\;20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$ and testosterone increased; 4) partrition period (April to May) : larva were delivered, and value of GSI and serum levels of hormones decreased rapidly; 5) resting period (May to June) : value of GSI and serum levels of $estradiol-l7{\beta}$ and testosterone remained low. The annual reproductive cycle in males could be divided into 6 periods; 1) early maturation period (April to June): value of GSI and serum levels of hormones incresed gradually, cyst of spermatogonia incresed in number, and a small number of cyst of spermatocyte was observed; 2) mid-maturation perid (June to September); value of GSI and serum levels of hormones increased, and germ cells in many cysts were undergoing active sperrnatogenesis; 3) late maturation period (September to November) : value of GSI and serum levels of hormones remained high and spermatozoa were released into the lumina of the seminal lobules; 3) spermatozoa dischaging period (Nobember to December) : the lumina of the seminal lobules were enlarged and filled with mature spermatozoa; 4) degeneration period (December to Februauy)i value of GSI decresed and cyst of spermatocyte were decresed in number; 5) resting period (December to April) : no histological changes of testes were observed, and value of GSI and serum levels of hormones remained low. In November, the lumina of the seminal lobules were filled with mature spermatozoa and sperm masses were present in the ovarian cavity. Thus, copulation in this species occurred in November and December.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

[Purpose] Epidemiological evidence has shown that leisure-time physical activity and structured exercise before and after breast cancer diagnosis contribute to reducing the risk of breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Thus, in this review, we aimed to summarize the physical activity-dependent regulation of systemic factors to understand the biological and molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation, progression, and survival of breast cancer. [Methods] We systematically reviewed the studies on 1) the relationship between physical activity and the risk of breast cancer, and 2) various systemic factors induced by physical activity and exercise that are potentially linked to breast cancer outcomes. To perform this literature review, PubMed database was searched using the terms "Physical activity OR exercise" and "breast cancer", until August 5th, 2020; then, we reviewed those articles related to biological mechanisms after examining the resulting search list. [Results] There is strong evidence that physical activity reduces the risk of breast cancer, and the protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer has been achieved by long-term regulation of various circulatory factors, such as sex hormones, metabolic hormones, inflammatory factors, adipokines, and myokines. In addition, physical activity substantially alters wholebody homeostasis by affecting numerous other factors, including plasma metabolites, reactive oxygen species, and microRNAs as well as exosomes and gut microbiota profile, and thereby every cell and organ in the whole body might be ultimately affected by the biological perturbation induced by physical activity and exercise. [Conclusion] The understanding of integrative mechanisms will enhance how physical activity can ultimately influence the risk and prognosis of various cancers, including breast cancer. Furthermore, physical activity could be considered an efficacious non-pharmacological therapy, and the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in primary cancer prevention.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.205-215
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• 2015

Objectives Sex hormones exposure during the prenatal period has an effect on cerebral lateralization. Male brains are thought to be more lateralized than female brains. Bipolar disorder was known to show abnormalities in cerebral laterality whose characteristics could be estimated by electroencephalography (EEG) coherences. We studied sex-related differences of EEG coherences between healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder to examine the sex effects in the genesis of bipolar disorder. Methods Participants were 25 patients with bipolar disorder (11 male, 14 female) and 46 healthy controls (23 male, 23 female). EEG was recorded in the eyes closed resting state. To examine dominant EEG coherence associated with sex differences in both groups within five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) across several brain regions, statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance. Results Though statistically meaningful results were not found, some remarkable findings were noted. Healthy control females showed more increased interhemispheric coherences than control males in gamma frequency band. There were no differences in the intrahemispheric coherences between the healthy control males and females. In patients with bipolar disorder, female dominant pattern in interhemispheric coherences was attenuated compared with healthy control. Conclusions Sex differences of EEG coherences, which could be a marker for cerebral laterality, were attenuated in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. These results imply that abnormal sex hormone exposure during early development might play some role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2019

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In cancer progression, sex hormones and their receptors are thought to be major factors. Many studies have reported the effects of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) in cancer development and progression. Among them, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a G protein-coupled receptor, has been identified as an estrogen membrane receptor unrelated to nuclear ER. The mechanism of GPER, including its biological action, function, and role, has been studied in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss the relation between GPER and estrogen or estrogen agonists/antagonists and cancer progression.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1995

The effects of orchildectomy with/without testosterone replacement in wale rats, and ovarectomy with estrogen replacement in female rats on lipid peroxidation were studied in male and female rats fed with diets fortified with 20% w/w, soybean oil or palm oil for 4 months. Serum, liver and heart homogenates were assayed for malonaldehyde and conjugated diene levels. Orchidectomy was found to reduce levels of lipid peroxidation products in the serum, liver and heart. Testosterone replacement did not increase the lipid peroxidation products to levels in the non-orchildectomised rats, while estrogen did not influence lipid peroxidation significantly. Palm oil decreased, but soybean oil increased lipid peroxidation in the liver and heart of both the castrated and sex hormone-replaced male and female rats.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.107-117
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to expression pattern of melanogenesis associate genes on cultured melanocyte layer cells in Korean Brindle Cattle(Dark, Brindle and Yellow) were analyzed to evaluate the effects of sex hormones on the control of melanogenesis pathways. Korean Brindle Cattle(Dark, Brindle and Yellow) melanocyte in the skin cells was collected. after the addition of estrogen and testosterone, the culture was analyzed for expression of cell activity and melanin genes for 72 hours. For the analysis of estrogen in different coat color other than the melanogenesis-related genes it is increasingly yellow showed low expression. in particular, the cells of the brindle coat color is low active and expression of genes. However, the testosterone was low, the expression of cell activity inhibiting MMP-2. the expression of melanin genes actually showed a tendency to increase gradually, which is testosterone compared with the estrogen to be considered that affect the skin cell layer brindle coat color. In this study, stimulation with estrogen triggered the inhibition of MC1R of the melanocyte in brindle coat color, but testosterone is induced MC1R in melanocyte. Therefore, considered the eumelanin or phaeomelanin activation are controlled caused by differential expression of sex hormones on melanocyte in Korean Brindle Cattle.