• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.373-388
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• 2022

A USW based diagnostic procedure is presented for estimating the depth of surface-breaking cracks. The diagnosis is demonstrated on seven lab-scale SFRC beam specimens, which are subjected to the CMOD controlled three-point bending test to create real bending cracks. Then, the recorded multiple ultrasonic signals are examined with the signal processing techniques, including wavelet transform and two-dimensional Fourier transform, to investigate the relationships between the crack depth and two diagnostic indices, namely the attenuation coefficient and dispersion index (DI). Finally, the reliabilities of these indices for depth estimation are verified with the visually measured crack depths as well as the crack features obtained with a digital image processing algorithm. It is found that the DI outperforms the attenuation coefficient in depth estimation, where this index displays good agreement with the visual inspection for 86% of the inspected specimens.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-85
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• 2023

The study aims to investigate the factors pursuing the women entrepreneurs to accept Islamic microfinance (IMF) in urban and rural areas of Malaysia. For this purpose, the study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Innovation and Diffusion Theory to explain Islamic microfinance adoption. Using the structural equation model (SEM) with primary data collected from 384-woman entrepreneurs in Malaysia, the current study uses a 5-point Likert scale. On the basis of theory and collected data, the seven hypotheses are developed. All hypotheses are validated by both directly and indirectly, as well as through a mediating factor. Among the factors, knowledge about IMF and subjective norms significantly influence the acceptance of IMF. On the other hand, the perceived complexity does not show any substantial relationship to the acceptance of IMF. This outcome will be helpful in supporting policymakers, academics, and future studies and must take into account the supported factors. Therefore, the study contributes to develop an innovative framework, to create self-employment for women entrepreneurs.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2008

This article aims to evaluate the visual effects and images according to the changes in the width of pleats of accordion pleats skirt. I altered the width of the pleats to seven categories in changes of 0.5cm, 0.7cm, l.0cm, 1.3cm, 2.0cm, 2.5cm and 3.0cm. For the visual evaluation, seven stimuli had been placed in mannequins, and had been estimated by experts in fashion design. For the visual evaluation according to changes in the width of pleats of according pleats skirt. I used 11 pairs of items to find their visual effects, and 17 pairs of adjectives to measure the visual images. Those stimuli and adjectives had been randomly given to evaluators and had been evaluated by the seven-point Likert type scale. The data have been analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, Scheffes test and correlation analysis. According to factor analysis of the visual effects of the accordion pleats skirt, the result was classified into three factors: the verticality of the lower body, flexuosity of the lower body, and shape of the abdomen. According to factor analysis of the visual image of the accordion pleats skirt, the result was classified into the following three factors: activity, attraction and neatness. In visual effects, the verticality of the lower body had been assessed as the most important factor of all. The visual effect was positive when the width of pleats had been narrowed. In visual image, activity had been assessed as the most important factor. In the case of accordion pleats skirt, as the width of pleats became wider, it had a stronger image in being active and casual.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2023

Purpose : This study aimed to analyze the level of understanding of Korean children and adolescents of caries risk assessment items in order to develop caries risk assessment tools. Methods : A total of 52 parents and 108 middle and high school students were analyzed for their understanding of nine items of the CAMBRA CRA for Korean children and adolescents. The nine questions were analyzed through a Likert five-point scale. Centralized distribution analysis was conducted to compare significant differences in the three groups' understanding of the questions. Results : The evaluation of the middle school and high school students' understanding showed that four items scored less than 3.0 points. The items were "Hyposalivatory medications (antihistamines, antipsychotics, asthma, etc.)," "Brushing below once a day," "F varnish last six months," and ".12 % chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse daily seven days monthly." The understanding of elementary school parents of ".12 % chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse daily seven days monthly" was less than 3.0 points. In addition, as a result of comparing the averages of the three groups, a statistically significant difference (p<.05) was found for a total of five items: "Hyposalivatory medications (antihistamines, antipsychotics, asthma, etc.)," 'Not used oral products such as floss and interdental toothbrushes," "F toothpaste 2× daily or more," "F varnish last six months," ".12 % chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse daily seven days monthly." Conclusion : This study was conducted to provide basic data for the development of a caries prevention program by identifying whether the caries risk assessment reconstituted in Korean style can be used for children and adolescents. More than half of the questions scored 3.0 points or higher and were generally completed. Nonetheless, a systematic program can only be completed if a plan is secured to improve repondents' understanding of the questions before a caries prevention program is developed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1556-1568
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• 2000

The aims of this study were to identify the effects on sexual role identity and sexual attitude of the A-V programed sexual education on Oct. 1. 1997 through Sep. 30, 2000. The program was focused on the formation of the desirable sexual activity, attitude and androgyny sexual role identity of the Korean adolescents, and that was the 25 minute VTR media "Our sexuality is healthful". This study was non equivalent post-test only quasi-experimental design, and the subjects were 530 middle school boys in Busan, Korea. After the manipulation, the change of sexual role identity and sexual attitude was analysed. Outcome measures were middle school boys′ sexual role identity toward KSRI on a seven-point Likert scale and sexual attitudes toward SAS on a five-point Likert scale. The data was analysed by SPSS WIN. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The experimental group who was exposed to the A-V media produced by the author showed the higher score of androgyny sexual role identity than the control group who didn′t watch the A-V program. 2) The experimental group showed the higher rate of the androgyny than the control group, On the other hand, their rate of the masculinity turned out to be lower than the latter group. 3) The experimental group didn′t show the difference of SAS score from the control group .In conclusion, "Our sexuality is Healthful" A-V program for sexual education brought about the significant change of sexual role identity of the middle school boys, but didn′t affect their attitude toward sexual activity.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to examine the levels of job stress and job burnout perceived by nutrition teachers and dietitians in school foodservice in Gyeongsangnam province and to analyze job stress factors affecting job burnout. A total of 270 questionnaires were distributed from December 10 to 29, 2010 and 252 were returned (response rate : 93.3%). A total of 245 were used in the final analysis (usage rate : 90.7%), excluding seven improper questionnaires. The results of this study were as follows : 100% of the respondents were women, and their mean age was 38. 60% were nutrition teachers and 40% were dietitians. The level of job stress and job burnout of the respondents were 2.89 points (on a 5-point Likert scale) and 3.70 (on a 7-point Likert scale), respectively. In regard to job stress factors, job demand (3.97) recorded the highest scores, followed by organizational system (2.99), lack of reward (2.85), interpersonal conflict (2.69), job insecurity (2.63), organizational climate (2.63), and insufficient job control (2.45) in that order. Exhaustion burnout (4.60) recorded the highest points among job burnout factors, followed by cynicism (3.46), and professional efficacy (3.04) in that order. Job stress factors affecting job burnout were organizational system (p<.001), job insecurity (p<.001), lack of reward (p<.001), and organizational climate (p<.01). In conclusion, it is necessary to provide human resources management strategies to lower job demand and workload in order to reduce job stress and job burnout for dietitians and nutrition teachers in school foodservice.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2013

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent cramps and pain. Effective treatment methods for dysmenorrhea are not yet fully understood. This research compares the effects of pain killers and heated red bean pillows. Methods: Data were got on demographic data, menstrual cycle status, and activities of daily living (ADLs) limitations, dysmenorrhea severity and menstrual pain scores. Following a 10% drop-out rate, 44 young women satisfied the inclusion criteria. To prevent any bias, the experimental and control groups were selected from different campuses. We used two sizes of red bean pillows: $13{\times}11.5cm$, weighing 400g; and $15{\times}18cm$, weighing 220g. For analysis, we used IBM SPSS statistics 19.0. Results: Ninety-nine point seven percentage of total subjects reported moderate to severe dysmenorrhea and 63.6% reported as moderate to severe daily activities limitations. The mean pain score with visual analogue scale was $80.2{\pm}9.42$ of 100 and 86.4% used pain killers to alleviate menstrual discomfort in all the subjects. In both groups, all three variables showed significant improvement and the Moos's Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) scores changed significantly between menstrual and post-menstrual time point at within groups and not significantly different at premenstrual and menstrual time point at between groups. However, the MDQ score was significantly higher in experimental group than control group at post-menstruation time point and the degree of satisfaction was higher in the control group. Conclusion: This research shows that red-bean pillows on the abdomen are effective in assisting the ADL and diminishing pain severity. With regard to its safety the study indicates it can be a convenient and safe option for female students with menstrual discomfort in schoolas a non-pharmacological self-help.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.467-486
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• 1993

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family momber may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well-being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and included : Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup-port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom checklist(48 item S point scale), and Well -being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well - being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well-being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3.55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was (or not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for “worry about all the things that have to be done.” Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.40 out of five patient care activities including bathing (77.4%), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1％), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1％), cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed-ding(75.5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31 (58.5％) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13, and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis-faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life. but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and bur-den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving\ulcorner Does the correlation between the bur-den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers\ulcorner Quality of life was the one variable that was significant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to ap-proach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.185-189
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• 2008

Objective : The authors present their experiences with stereotactic multiplanar reformatted (MPR) computed tomography (CT)-guided catheter placement for thrombolysis of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (sICH) and their clinical results. Methods : In 23 patients with sICH, MPR CT-guided catheter placement was used to select the trajectory and target point of hematoma drainage. This group was comprised of 11 men and 12 women, and the mean age was 57.5 years (range, 31-79 years). The patients' initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores ranged from 7 to 15 with a median of 11. The volume of the hematoma ranged from 24 mL to 86 mL (mean 44.5 mL). A trajectory along the main axis of the hematoma was considered to be optimal for thrombolytic therapy. The trajectory was calculated from the point of entry through the target point of the hematoma using reformatted images. Results : The hematoma catheter was left in place for a median duration of 48.9 hours (range 34 to 62 hours). In an average of two days, the average residual hematoma volume was 6.2 mL (range 1.4 mL to 10.2 mL) and was reduced by an average of 84.7% (range 71.6% to 96.3%). The residual hematoma at postoperative seven days was less than 5 mL in all patients. There was no treatment-related death during hospitalization. Conclusion : The present study indicates that stereotactic MPR CT-guided catheter placement for thrombolysis is an accurate and safe procedure. We suggest that this procedure for stereotactic removal of sICH should be considered for the optimization of the trajectory selection in the future.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1191-1204
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• 2014

Even though a Han-bok, or traditional Korean costume, should be inherited since it is invaluable part of our culture, research on Han-bok is scarce. Since the development of a Jeogori pattern, the upper garment of Korean traditional clothes, is done mostly based on the chest size, the design does not completely consider on wearer's body shape. Moreover, unless made by an expert, trial and error is almost always necessary to improve the fit of the clothes. In this research, a Jeogori pattern was suggested that improves the fit based on the shape of the upper back(straight or bent) of a female in her late 20s who often wears a Han-bok and is comfortable when moving. Using a 3D virtual clothing system, the optimum pattern was selected based on the body shape. The final selection was made, and each subjects tried the garment on to evaluate the comfort when moving, along with its appearance, based on a seven point Likert scale. As a result, for a straight body shape, the optimum ease for the front bust width was 2.5cm, and that for the back bust width was 2.0cm. The optimum center back dart was 1.0cm. The optimum Geodae width was 7.6cm, and the optimum back Geodae point was 2.0cm. For the bent body shape, the optimum ease for the front and back bust was 2.0cm. The optimum Geodae width was 8.4cm, and the optimum back Geodae point was 1.5cm. Furthermore, if the Hwajang slope was set at half of the vertical distance between the laterals of the neck and shoulder, a fitted silhouette appeared, which is preferred nowadays. In the appearance evaluation, the final pattern designed in this research received higher scores than the original design(straight; p<.001, bent; p<.05). The results of the evaluation of the comfort when moving also showed higher scores for the final pattern that was designed.