• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

The grouting method is utilized to reinforce and waterproof poor grounds, enhance the bearing capacity of structures damaged resulting from settlement due to elevation and vibration or differential settlement, and for cutoff. The purpose of this research is to enhance the compressive strength of grout materials by using aramid fiber and develop a high-strength ground improvement method by using blast furnace slag powder. In this regard, this study has conducted a uniaxial compression test after checking the high charge (higher than 50%) of the ratio of blast furnace slag powder and cement at 100:0, 70:30 and 40:60%, adding the aramid mixture based on 0, 0.5 and 1.0% of the cement and furnace slag powder weight and creating sand gels based on surface oiling rate of 0.7 and 1.2%. For the environmental review evaluation, a heavy metal exudation test and a pH test measurement have been conducted. The experiment results showed that 1% increase of aramid fiber led to 1.3 times greater uniaxial compression intensity. As for the hexavalent chrome, a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder led to approximately 50% decrease in heavy metal exudation. However, the pH test revealed that a 30% increase in blast furnace slag powder resulted in approximately 0.5 increase in pH. Further research on the pH part is needed in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

Various innovative technologies and methods are being applied to ensure the stability of steep rock slopes. However, there are design limitations concerning site ground conditions, leading to discrepancies between the designed and actual ground conditions during construction. In the case of the retaining wall in Yeosu, where the study area is located, although the construction of a 5-stage retaining wall is planned, at the current completion of the second stage, cracks on the upper part of the wall, settlement in the front of the wall, and seepage have been observed. After the completion of stages one and two, issues regarding cracks and settlement on the upper part of the wall and seepage in the front of the wall were discovered. Thus, there was a need to reevaluate the results of the existing stability assessment. It was confirmed that the issue was due to groundwater leakage, attributed to the lack of clear assessment of the colluvial soil layer during the initial design stage. Therefore, to conservatively reflect groundwater level conditions, a groundwater level contour was positioned at the top of the wall to conduct a slope stability assessment. The assessment results indicated that the safety factor during the rainy season exceeded the required value of 1.3, with a calculated safety factor of 1.31. However, during seismic events, the safety factor was determined to be 1.12, falling short of the required safety factor of 1.3. Therefore, it is suggested that the existing retaining walls constructed during stages one and two undergo reinforcement using methods such as micro-piles with grouting, and additional work should be carried out to ensure a clear assessment of the colluvial soil layer.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.265-302
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• 2008

This paper intends to analyse some legal issues on "Zeroing" which is based on the article 2.4.2 under the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement. "Zeroing" stands for a specific methodology in calculating a general dumping margin for a product in question under which negative individual dumping margins are treated as zero (thus "zeroed") before aggregating all individual dumping margins. The article 2.4.2 of the Anti-dumping Agreement regulates three types of calculating methodology on dumping margin as first symmetrical method(average-to-average: A-A), second symmetrical method(individual-to-individual: I-I) and asymmetrical method(average-to-individual: A-I). However, this article does not have any provisions about the "Zeroing" practice. In their anti-dumping practices, the EC and the United-States calculated dumping margin based on the "Zeroing", but this methodology has been disputed in the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) of the WTO. This paper analysed their legal problems with some WTO cases in particular concerning EC-Bed Linen, U.S.-Softwood Lumber Zeroing, U.S.-Zeroing(EC) and U.S.-Sunset Review(Japan) cases. On the basis of theses analysis, we can therefore ask some questions as follows; To begin with, although the article 2.4.2 of the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement does not clearly refer to the "Zeroing", how do some developing countries, as the U.S.A and the E.U. calculate dumping margin as the "Zeroing"? Secondly, what is the relationship between the symmetrical method and asymmetrical method to the dumping margin? And if we adopt the zeroing method, what is the different rate to anti-dumping margin? Thirdly, although the Panel decided that the zeroing methodology of dumping margin used by th U.S.A in administrative review between the U.S.A and the E.U, why does the Appellate Body made the decision that the american methodology is incompatible with the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement? Lastly, what will be affected the upper decision taken by the Appellate Body to the DDA negotiation of anti-dumping matters? Even though the WTO Appellate made a decision that the zeroing method is incompatible with the principles of the WTO law, this methodology contains a lot of problems. Some members of the WTO as the U.S.A and the E.U did not officially declare this methodology to abandon, and the debate concerned is arguing. Therefore this paper tried to present the adequate solution in order to promote the zeroing methodology in the international anti-dumping system and practices.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.519-547
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• 2004

This paper analyze problems about scope of specific trade obligations(STOs), principle of dispute settlement procedure, and non-parties in context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety(POB), which based on sub-paragraph 31(i) of DDA WTO Ministrial Declaration. The implications based on result of this study are as follows. First, to accept the wider scope of STOs under POB in Korea, importing country, won't be harmful to LMOs and Bioindustry. Instead, it will ensure a high level of biosafety concerning the import of LMOs. Exporters can take different kinds of trade measures to countervail adverse effect on the export of LMOs in this case. Therefore importer will endure the aftereffect. However, if korea were in exporter's place, to accept the wider scope STOs under POB will not have a good influence on the export of LMOs. Korea, therefore, should devise scheme for responding to debate about the STOs in MEAs, which have to be based on cost-benefit analysis and scenarios taking into account of speed and level in biotechology progress, status and trend of LMOs R&D and production, and condition of other industries. Second, it is not easy to agree with applying to what's rule between the POB and WTO for settlement dispute. Because there is the incompatibility between the POB characterized according to social rationality and WTO's rules for safety and environmental protection characterized according to scientific rationality. This issue have to be discussed for long period due to gap like that. Accordingly Korea, one of major LMOs importing countries, should suggest continuously that the effort is needed to ensure an adequate level of protection in transboundary movements of LMOs and scientific, environmental and socio-economic study. Third, in case of dispute between party and non-party of the POB, the duties under the WTO of non-party of the POB(if WTO member country) is valid. The country, therefore, will try to settle dispute based on WTO's rules. However, international society have to ensure for sound and safe use of LMOs in the field of transboundary movements. Accordingly Korea should devise scheme for preventing the possibility of dispute between party and non-party of the POB(if WTO member country), which is supported by policy options under the POB.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4C
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• pp.247-254
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• 2006

Online testing method is one of the numerical experiment methods using experimental information for a numerical analysis directly. The method has an advantage in that analysis can be conducted without using an idealized mechanical model, because mechanical properties are updated from element test for a numerical analysis in real time. The online testing method has mainly been used for the geotechnical seismic engineering, whose major target is sand. A testing method that may be applied to a consolidation problem has recently been developed and laboratory and field verifications have been tried. Although related research thus far has mainly used a method to update average reaction for a numerical analysis by positioning an element tests at the center of a consolidation layer, a weakness that accuracy of the analysis can be impaired as the thickness of the consolidation layer becomes more thicker has been pointed out regarding the method. To clarify the effectiveness and possible analysis scope of the online testing method in relation to the consolidation problem, we need to review the results by applying experiment conditions that may completely exclude such a factor. This research reviewed the results of the online consolidation test in terms of reproduction of the consolidation settlement and the dissipation of excess pore water pressure of a clay specimen by comparing the results of an online consolidation test and a separated-type consolidation test carried out under the same conditions. As a result, the online consolidation test reproduced the change of compressibility according effective stress of clay without a huge contradiction. In terms of the dissipation rate of excess pore water pressure, however, the online consolidation test was a little faster. In conclusion, experiment procedure needs to improve in a direction that hydraulic conductivity can be updated in real time so as to more precisely predict the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Further research or improvement should be carried out with regard to the consolidation settlement after the end of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.243-261
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• 2023

This study was conducted with the goal of analyzing the needs of Truckers, who are the main users of the cargo transportation platform, to find a development direction for the improvement and activation of the cargo transportation platform service. For this purpose, this study conducted an empirical analysis through IPA analysis targeting Truckers using domestic cargo transportation platforms. As a result of the IPA analysis, in the case of importance, fair fare presentation, unfair trade prevention measures, transportation payment deadline accuracy, transportation section information provision accuracy, quick interaction, application system quality, ease of use, user-customized service, settlement service support function, Variety of transportation sections, brand image, and additional services were shown in order. In the case of satisfaction, ease of use, settlement service support function, transport section information provision accuracy, application system quality, brand image, additional services, user-customized service, transport section diversity, quick interaction, transport payment deadline accuracy, unfair transaction prevention Measures and fair fares were presented in that order. The analysis results show high satisfaction with the ease of use related to the platform quality and the function to support the settlement work. These results can be seen as the result of a significant investment in system quality improvement for the convenience of users by suppliers in the domestic cargo transportation platform industry, where competition has become fierce. As the factors most urgently needed for improvement, 'observance of payment deadlines', 'prevention of unfair trade', and 'provision of fair fares' were selected, and these are related to chronic problems in the domestic freight transportation industry.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.303-325
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• 2008

China's "Foreign Trade law" 16.4 revised in 2004 like "Foreign Trade law" 16.2 in 1994 is still stipulated resource restriction to protect domestic resources and it does not satisfy the introduction of article 20 and section (g) of GATT 1994. Through an interpretation of related regulations and China-EU cokes dispute, the paper points out that China's "Foreign Trade law" 16.4 has no validity of the introduction of article 20 and section (g) of GATT 1994. Comparing China's "Foreign Trade law" 16.4 to GATT 1994 20(g), China's "Foreign Trade law" 16.4 does not include important conditions of GATT 1994 20 introduction such as not being arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and disguised restriction on international trade. For example, based upon China's "Foreign Trade law" , if she restricts or prohibits important natural resources that Korea mainly relies on China, it will effects not only trade between two countries but also our lives and securities. Hence, it is highly time to analyze China's the Validity of the China's Resource Export-Quota Restrictive Measures under the GATT/WTO. In the process of resolving China-EU cokes dispute in 2004, ministry of Commerce of China shows well its characteristics of dispute settlement and also we can find out EU's logical countermeasures. Therefore, because of the high possibility of disputes between Korea and China in the area of natural resources, Korea needs to pay attention to the China's resource protecting policies, and if it violates GATT 1994 20 introduction and (g), we should consider to sue China to WTO. The paper believes that it will play an important role as an aggressive demand and effect on amendment of China's "Foreign Trade law" in the long term.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.475-498
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• 2013

The most fundamental reason why FTA Agreement must be concluded is based on the preferential tariff treatment among country parties. In order to get applied by the preferential tariff treatment under an FTA, the parties need to meet the rules of origin and the criteria stipulated under the FTA simultaneously. In addition, Certificate of Origin(C/O) document is required to claim for the preferential treatment under the FTA Agreement. In South Korea, the electronic Certificate of Origin can be issued by the UNI-PASS and FTA-PASS of the Korea Customs Service. The Web Certification System of the Korea Chamber of Commerce & Industry also is established. But the majority cases of requesting the preferential Certificate of Origin are generally performed by the business partners. The settlement and activation of electronic Certificate of Origin are urgently needed to maximize the effects of FTA, First, this paper examines the application situation of electronic Certificate of Origin throughly. Second, the current circumstances related to electronic Certificate Origin are analyzed in the practical and systematic perspectives. Finally, the improvements for activating electronic Certificate of Origin is suggested.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.247-261
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• 2014

In this study, it investigates the highly controversial issue "low carbon car subsidy". Through the policy's intent, purpose, and necessity, it aims to present alternatives for automotive industry development. Introducing the low carbon car subsidy will bring a huge change to the vehicle purchase practices by changing vehicle purchase cost. It expects that this change will reduce greenhouse gas emission from vehicles. For successful settlement of the system, it shall set up the target sections for subsidy and levy appropriately in order to get the nation's consensus. Additionally, it has to conduct sufficient reviews the measures such as adjustment to the existing auto tax, divided payments of burden charge, etc before enforcing the system. In terms of the automobile industry, it must do their level best in technical development in order to meet the carbon dioxide emission level of imported cars until the enforcement. Also, the government has to strengthen its support to the industry.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.909-936
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• 2013

This study investigated definition of care farming in which advanced countries in agricultural industry such as Netherlands and Belgium increase their interest and investment, and established a strategy for settlement and development of care farming industry in Korea. For achieving purpose of the study, literature review was implemented to analyze policy, system, related law, workforce of advanced countries in care farming, and experts' conference which consists of 9 representatives such as professors, researchers in areas of agriculture, health, education, horticulture, animal-assisted therapy was implemented. Also survey was conducted targeting 165 people of practitioners in care farming industry. For the result, the concept of care farming in Korea was defined as 'Industry and activity which promotes psychological social physical cognitive health of every Korean people by utilizing agricultural resources(plants, livestock, rural environment, rural culture) or related activity and output', and the purpose, resources, targets of care farming was determined by the definition.