• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.270-277
• /
• 2022

Today, due to the serviceization of the economy, volume and position Global trade in Services have gradually increased. Stable and fair trade can be achieved through solid international trade law. Multilateral discussions on service trade agreement have been stagnant, but have recently shown considerable outcome. Service trade agreement(GATS) deal with various service trade barriers in member countries that hinder free trade in services. Recently, a group of WTO members have established the 「Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation」. The agreement aims to ensure that licensing and qualification requirements and procedures, as well as technical standards do not constitute unnecessary barriers to services trade. This study is to understand the type and statistics of service trade barriers that affect actual service transactions. At the same time, It aims to examine the progress of discussions on multilateral service trade agreement for resolving service trade barriers.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.65-86
• /
• 2006

In general, goods can be defined as objects, devices or things, whereas services can be defined as deeds, efforts or performances. Ultimately, the primary difference between goods and services is the property of intangibility - lacking physical substance. Recently, service industries span a wide variety of enterprises, from hamburgers to high technology. And the rules-based multilateral trading system so successful in reducing barriers to international trade in goods is now being expanded in the area of international trade in services. Therefore, the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industries and Energies has revised the Korea Foreign Trade Act and its Enforcement Ordinance to focus on expanding trade in service sectors, including transportation, communications, tourism services, and business services.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.287-300
• /
• 2005

The globalization of services is closely related to other economic problems facing the world today. These are: 1) the globalization of economic activities, 2) the servicization of economic activities. The world economy is now move interconnected than at any time in its history. Investment decisions, production processes, labor market regulations and even environmental legislation made by one country or company affect other economies, other companies and the lives of individuals. In fact, it is nearly impossible to think of a country that is not connected to the world economy in some form or another and it is no exaggeration to state that globalization is already an unassailable fact. The fabric of our economy and the way we do business are changing. This change is the transformation from a marketplace on goods to one focused on services. That is to say, we live and work in a service-centered, service-sensitive economy. As a result of the globalization an servicization of economic activities, services require the globalization, and services are increasing their international trade, foreign investment, agreements, alliances, mergers and collaboration networks. It is quite obvious that services are affected by globalization ; but raising the question by how much leads us to the paradox of service globalization, services represent 70% of the most advances economies but only account for less than 25% of international trade and almost half of direct investment; mergers and takeovers. These figures create a paradox that can be explained by two reasons. First; the natural(the service relationship) and artificial difficulties(barriers to trade) faced by the service sector that inhibits globalization. Second, the non-inclusion in official statistics of the share of internationalized goods that are due to services, for example intra-firm trade or the service value incorporated into exported goods. If these were taken into account the service trade figures would be extremely different. The first explanation can be subdivided into a number of elements. The OECD identifies six reasons:services cannot be stored; client-supplies interaction requires local presence; most service firms are SEMs; products are highly differentiated; cultural differences are especially important in this field; and, finally, trade barriers and restrictions on local operations exist. However, despite all of this, globalization produces clear advantages to suppliers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the main forms of service globalization and differences between that of goods, and is to identify distinctive aspects of service globalization within the framework of the global economy.

• Food Science and Industry
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.196-208
• /
• 2018

This paper described the contents of the WTO (world trade organization) SPS (world trade organization) Agreement and trends in the WTO SPS provisions such as equivalence, localization, transparency, and risk assessment. The purpose of the WTO SPS agreement is to promote international trade by preventing arbitrary and unreasonable use of SPS measures, which are the rights of a country for the protection of human health and animal and plant health, and by abolishing the non-tariff barriers. To this end, the requirements for implementing the SPS measures taken by the importing country are restricted to those that can scientifically prove to be inevitable for SPS protection. The major provisions in WTO SPS agreement were elaborated to promote international trades. When trade-restricted SPS measures such as prohibition of imports are made, a scientific basis should be provided. Therefore, it is essential to provide scientific evidence based on risk analysis to protect people's health from potentially harmful imported foods.

• Korea Information Processing Society Review
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.89-92
• /
• 2004

Business organizations today enjoy unprecedented connectivity over the Internet that directly affects their bottom line and their top line. Connectivity increases productivity and reduces cost of operations. It eliminates barriers resulting from distance and integrates the world. Nevertheless, businesses today face a challenging trade-off between securing their corporate assets and leveraging this ubiquitous connectivity to improve their operations. (omitted)

• Review of Culture and Economy
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.63-80
• /
• 2014

This study evaluates the importance of negotiation agendas and the possibility of reaching the Korea-China FTA agreement. It assesses the current situation of trade barriers in the audiovisual service sector of China and then examines a survey of practitioners and experts to screen important regulations. The results are as follows: First, considering the national economic situation in Korea and the environment of the Chinese trade barrier, an important agenda is to enable the direct service of online games and to reach a co-production agreement in the audiovisual service sector. Second, an agenda regarding the co-production agreement of an audio-visual service sector has high potential to be realized, followed by agendas regarding online game and music services. In the broadcasting and film service sectors, with their high cultural identity, a mutual cooperative approach is needed. Korea bringing up the agenda regarding online service may allow it to gain a net benefit for the next FATs. To realize a mutual cooperative approach, it is necessary to form a frame of mutual interests and cooperation through a co-production agreement of audio-visual service. If both countries agree to acknowledge co-produced content as each country's contents, both would benefit.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.233-266
• /
• 2005

The world trading system has been under many changes in recent years. One notably important development is that much attention away from the multilateralism-oriented World Trade Organization towards FTA(Free Trade Agreement). The Free Trade Agreement signed between korea and chile formally have been come effective for free trade in goods and services as from April 1, 2004. During Free Trade Agreement negotiations between both countries. This study aims at presenting the suggestion for the Korea to make the WTO rules and FTA by analyzing The interpretation of FTA under WTO System. It was founded by the investigation of WTO rules, most of the provisions are similar with other FTA, but a little provisions different from other FTA's. It is an appearance from the contracting party's peculiar circumstances such as state of industrial development or future prospect, conditions around international trade. The whole world has entered the new stage of bilateral and multilateral FTA. The essential or new generation or bilateral and multilateral FTA is creating more trade opportunities, promoting all factors, commodity, service, capital, technology and talent freely flow through canceling the trade barriers between FTA, in order to develop together within the regions. It shows that the cooperations transfer form the whole region into FTA. FTA makes not only the free trade smooth ,but also takes place the trade distortion effect. especially as the agriculture has a speciality each country, should it is ignored in negotiation, many reactions will be occurred in the process of fta Therefore Korea needs to deliver the message that Korea's hub is an essential ingredient for an efficient FTA and WTO system in a bilateral and multilateral win-win framework. Consequently Korea should have criterions about the rules of FTA and WTO system for peculiar circumstances of Korean economy and international trade.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.29 no.6 s.102
• /
• pp.567-572
• /
• 2005

Trade between nations has been globalized since establishing the WTO(World Trade Organization). By lowering trading barriers under the WTO's system, trade in goods has been gradually increased It requires global logistic system that transports goods in between nations. To save cost of product, cargo of product is containerized and container ships to carry container cargo is going to be bigger: In the market, there are many vendors to provide artificial intelligent modules to operate container terminal. In order to integrate automated container terminal system easily and successfully, this thesis proposes high-level XML/ JMS( eXtensive Markup Language/Java Message Service) communication model and multi-agent based system architecture to share knowledges, solve problems, and active objectives by cooperating between autonomous and intelligent agents that are developed by 3rd party companies in the market. This thesis analyzed current situation of advanced automated container terminal with case studies on implemented systems and difficulties to develop automated container terminal system, reviewed technologies of intelligent agent, communication and automation that unmaned automated container terminal is required.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
• /
• v.7
• /
• pp.181-205
• /
• 1997

It is expected that Korean restaurant business will become one of the most important contributors to the notion's economy by the year 2000. As the many visible and invisible trade barriers are tumbled down and market opening to foreign competition expedites, a strategy to solidify the competitiveness of the restaurant industry is urgently needed. Some of the strateges that need to sharpen the competity edge are as follows: 1. Development of restaurant business management knowhow and enhancement of information gathering capability. 2. Development of its own unique brand of food and service tailored to many different tastes of clientele. 3. Promotion of the industry's globalization efforts with the development of local restaurant brand & Korean traditional foods and with the expansion of foreign investment. 4. Reinforcement of staff training and provision of a compensation package to attract qualified personnel. 5. deregulation of many anachronistic laws and restrictions with government's full support for the industry to realize what it's supposed to be in the 21st century.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.22
• /
• pp.77-106
• /
• 2003

As globalization of communication is going on and as the media have become increasingly central to the world economy, media policy matters have become the province of world economic organizations like the IMF and the WTO. The WTO service negotiation is focused primarily on the discriminatory and quantitative barriers associated with the trade of audiovisual services. Domestic measures such as subsidization, content regulation including quotas, and licensing requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership and control are at issues here. These measures have been successfully implemented by countries wishing to withstand competition from the American audiovisual industry. The debate about trade in audiovisual services is permeated by the unstated assumption that these programs are pure commodities whose production, distribution, exhibition and in turn, values are solely determined by the market forces. It is therefore presumed that liberalization of trade in audiovisual services will benefit all, serving cultural pluralism and diversity as well as economic efficiency. However, this assumption is not shared by developing countries, the recipients of U.S. television material. They argue audiovisual sector requires a social and cultural approach, since it plays a key role in the preservation of people's identity and social bonds. They claim that it is the each state's right to define its media policy and to implement it through the means it considers fit. These clashing views over the nature of the audiovisual material and the ways in which protect cultural pluralism and diversity do not confine to be the realm of theoretical debate. Each state's interest and motivation to protect its local industry and to have a competitive advantage in the international market is working in this battle. Consolidation with the countries like Australia, Canada, and EU nations, in favour of cultural exemption, seems to be the best policy for us. However, we are not entirely free from the WTO pressures, considering relation to the U. S. This study analyzes Korean Broadcasting Law compared with those of other OECD countries and tries to propose some strategical guidelines facing WTO service negotiation in the area of broadcasting.