• Food Science and Industry
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.196-208
• /
• 2018

This paper described the contents of the WTO (world trade organization) SPS (world trade organization) Agreement and trends in the WTO SPS provisions such as equivalence, localization, transparency, and risk assessment. The purpose of the WTO SPS agreement is to promote international trade by preventing arbitrary and unreasonable use of SPS measures, which are the rights of a country for the protection of human health and animal and plant health, and by abolishing the non-tariff barriers. To this end, the requirements for implementing the SPS measures taken by the importing country are restricted to those that can scientifically prove to be inevitable for SPS protection. The major provisions in WTO SPS agreement were elaborated to promote international trades. When trade-restricted SPS measures such as prohibition of imports are made, a scientific basis should be provided. Therefore, it is essential to provide scientific evidence based on risk analysis to protect people's health from potentially harmful imported foods.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.69
• /
• pp.371-388
• /
• 2016

International air transport for cargo services is a facilitator for various trade sectors and, by itself, an important service industry. Although international air cargo industry is expected to grow continuously, industry stakeholders complain about legal constraints in the industry and demand more liberalized regime. From its birth at the beginning of the 20th century, the airline industry was tightly regulated by governments with a strong tradition of protectionism. In the past few decades, however, protectionism in the airline industry has steadily declined. Indeed, the airline industry is largely in the process of liberalization. Interestingly, it has been easier to liberalize air cargo service than passenger service. Indeed, states have traditionally shown far more willingness to provide market access for foreign carriers carrying cargo than passengers. Given the impact of air cargo service in a state's wider economy and own characteristics of cargo services (i.e. air cargo traffic is inherently one-way, unlike passenger traffic, which tends to involve round trips), more liberalized approach is necessary for air cargo services. Among three approaches: bilateral, regional (block-based) and multilateral, it is desirable to adopt a multilateral treaty (a new multilateral all-cargo agreement) so as to harmonize and simplify complicated trade regulations on air cargo services.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 2019

This paper uses Delphi Method and statistics provided by the State Administration of Market Regulation of China, attempts to develop the scale index of language service industry in China. Coupled with practical investigation and theoretical framework of SCP paradigm, a deep analysis on market behavior, market structure, and market performance of the industry have been explored. First, the study indicates that the scale index of Chinese language services industry has experienced an upward trend from 10.481million RMB in 2008 to 351.403 million RMB in 2017. Second, majority of language services enterprises are situated in Chinese coastal provinces and there are variations in demand for language services. Third, the standardization of language services are minimal while most of the talents involve a single discipline background. Fourth, most enterprises utilize language tools while there is lack of technological innovation for utilization of language resources and enhancement of service quality. The author mainly suggests four strategies which include: cultivating multilingual services, strengthening the development of industrial informatization and technical innovation, and optimizing the industrial talents structure while also adjusting for industrial distribution and regional coordination, which propose the meaningful implications for the development of language service industry in China.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.171-189
• /
• 2019

As many studies have contributed to various aspects of the market by utilizing market orientation, however, this study has tried to overcome limitations of existing studies and suggest more concrete and extended implications. In this study, the relationship between market orientation, responsiveness to market change, and organizational performance of SMEs was examined and compared with characteristics of SMEs (manufacturing and service firms). As a result of the verification, interfunctional coordination has a strong influence on the ability of the organization to respond to market changes as well as customer orientation and competitor orientation. And responsiveness to market change, organizational flexibility has a strong impact on both personal performance and overall team performance. As a result of the comparative study, it can be concluded that manufacturing firms emphasize competitor orientation and organizational agility while service firms emphasize customer orientation and organizational flexibility.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• v.23 no.8
• /
• pp.73-88
• /
• 2019

Purpose - This paper finds the repurchase intentions of customers in a sharing economy via Airbnb and Uber, which are classic sharing-economy service businesses. Design/methodology - This paper analyzes sharing economy effects using variables in a structural equation model. Findings - We verified that values have a significant effect on the trust in a platform. We also verified that the effects that value propositions have on repurchase intention are significant. Research Limitations/Implications - First, there may be some distinction between men and women with regard to divided trust. Second, if commitment is divided into commitment to the host and commitment to the platform, as is the case for trust, the results will not be as expected. Third, if results could be categorized by nationality after gathering more samples, each nationality might have different opinions about these factors. Finally, the sharing economy can be identified and analyzed for various industries, such as space, transportation, and service. At this point, it is inconvenient to not have more implications. Originality/value - This study focuses on the repurchase intentions of customers. Unlike earlier studies, it is meaningful that trust is divided between the host and the platform, and that it can be analyzed. It is also important to establish the relationship between trust and commitment, and the relationship toward repurchasing in the shared-economy.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.271-285
• /
• 2005

Korean Government has been actively and aggressively promoted the global e-commerce (or e-trade). However, the global researches regard the Korea as the passive or retrogressive country in e-trade. The purpose of this study is to clarify the change of the policy paradigm on the e-trade of Korea and to search for new paradigm based on the total amendment (or inauguration) of the e-trade promotion law. The research concludes the current political paradigm on "the Designated total solution provider" should be separated from the e-trade infra or platform. More competitive and market-oriented paradigm of the promotion support on e-trade metamediary should be evaluated in terms of facilitator, service provider and collaborator.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2023

Trade rules in service and digital sectors mainly focus on reducing regulatory uncertainties by improving transparency and minimizing unnecessary requirements. Recognizing the importance of digital trade rules and trade in information and communication technology (ICT) sectors, governments worldwide have rapidly adopted and expanded rules on free flow of data, personal data protection, electronic authentication, and cybersecurity. On the other hand, advances in technology have led governments to face multiple threats related to cybersecurity, intellectual property (including that related to source code and algorithms), and unauthorized access to proprietary information of their suppliers. This study presents digital trade rules related to digital security emphasizing cybersecurity, source code, and ICT products that use cryptography in different trade agreements. Additionally, it introduces various approaches that major countries are taking to both address digital security issues and seek balance between security enhancement and trade liberalization.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
• /
• 2004.05a
• /
• pp.241-260
• /
• 2004

Trade portal site is one of the tools which makes it possible for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) to manage international trade activities more efficiently by using the newest information and telecommunication technology. So Korean SMEs should utilize trade portal sites more actively to promote global competitive power. Based on the theory of service quality and an existing research related to using information technology. this research analyzed the primary factors which affect user's utilization satisfaction in using trade portal sites. According to the results of the empirical study on actual users of the representative trade portal sites by using multiple regression analysis, The primary factors, such as service quality, government policy and cost have affected user's utilization satisfaction in using trade portal site. and user's utilization satisfaction have positive effect on continuous using intention. These research results will provide many useful insights to the managers of trade portal sites, e-trade system developers and government policy makers.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.23-40
• /
• 2008

Considering rapid development of Electronic Trade in Korea, it is an important issue to analyze consumers' satisfaction and e-loyalty. The purpose of this study is to find the affecting factors on the determinants and utilizable intention of electronic trade trustworthness and e-loyalty. In the literature review, it was made to compare and analyze the precedent papers about electronic trade trustworthness theory, Keller and Aaker(1992), Yun, Seong-jun's(2000) model of the trustworthness. This study investigates the concept of the satisfaction, e-loyalty in electronic trade site and its determinants, and tries to establish e-loyalty analyzing model. The model of the satisfaction, e-loyalty electronic trade site is tested here using data from 106 samples. The major finding of this paper would be summarized as followed : And then it was used the empirical research method to test hypotheses which was established based on the precedent studies : 1) electronic trade factors are positively related to the trustworthness on the electronic trade practical, not being trustworthness of the functionality on electronic trade practical in international trade company. 2) tr stworthness of electronic trade practical is positively related to the e-loyalty in international trade companies.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.89-119
• /
• 2006

The almost studies that is related to an e-Trade and an e-Marketplace only have been focused on the diffusion and acceptance since the innovation was adopted in markets. The existing studies failed to notice the resistance of innovation in the course of accepting innovation. The resistance of innovation, however, is not the contrary concept of acceptance, it is should be understood as a construct which can explain the course of the diffusion and acceptance. This study will be analysed as follows: First, nevertheless the resistance of users is important, it couldn't be presented systematically through acceptance of innovation, accordingly the concept of resistance of innovation will derive concept from review of literature researched on prior researches. Second, the factors which can be affected to the resistance of innovation of the main trade firms which use the e-Marketplace will draw. Third, we identify some of determinants that can affect to resistance of user by empirical study, also we investigate how participation can be affected by using a contingency variable. The independent variables used through researched review are the characteristic factors of trade e-Marketplace which was consisted of relative advantage, suitability and complexity, the characteristic factors of trade firms which was consisted of propensity of innovation and attitude, and the characteristic of service quality which was consisted of reliability and reaction. This research also examines the association between independent variables and the resistance of user(dependent variable) by using a variable on participation of user(moderator variable). The sample surveys for this study have been used 109, this study was analysed by the SPSS 12.0 of statistical tool. According to the proved hypothesis there are three important factors which affected the resistance of user. One factor was the relative advantage and complexity from the point of view on the trade firms characteristics of e-marketplace, another factor was the propensity of innovation from the point of view on the trade firms factors, the third factor was the reliance from the point of view on the service quality factors. The results also provided that relative advantage and suitability among the characteristics of e-Marketplace and the reliability among the service quality characteristics have moderated in the moderated regression which was tested the association independent variables and dependent variables while participation of user was using for contingency variable.