• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.294-302
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the wage structure of hospital nurses in Korea and to analyze the factors that determine the level of nurses' wages. Methods: First, a mobile survey on nurses' wages was conducted with a total of 3,742 nurses working in hospitals. A literature review was also done. Second, a regression model was applied to analyze the determinants of nurses' wages. Results: The average monthly wage of 3,742 nurses based on the survey was KRW 3,588,000 and the standardized monthly income of 3,742 nurses was estimated to be KRW 3,364,000 as of the end of 2018. The results of regression analysis(R²=61.7%) showed that gender, nursing experience, designated night duty, ownership, and number of beds were statistically significant variables for nurses' wages at 1% significance level. The monthly wage of nurses working in total nursing care wards was not significantly different from those working in other wards at 5% significance level. Conclusion: The substantial difference in nurses' wages according to job career, hospital size, region, etc may result in the low proportion of nurses with more than three to five years of service experience and the high turnover of less-experienced workers. Consideration should be given to adjust the gap in wage level and a standard nurse wage system could be effective measures.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.129-150
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• 2011

The study aims at discussing issues concerning the establishment of the cooperative repository libraries based on regional central libraries which not only support various types of regional libraries and conduct cooperative businesses with them, but also are responsible for collecting and preserving library materials. The study analyzes concepts and types of cooperative repository libraries by literature review and explores cooperative repository libraries in the United States. Futhermore, it conducts a survey and finds that the regional central libraries do not perform their preservation functions, due to the lack of their manpower and budget. As a result, the study provides an establishment plan for cooperative repository libraries which participant libraries hold ownership of transferred materials and regional central libraries own the right of management. Also, it suggests to expand cooperative repository libraries' service coverage from participants to regional communities.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.276-286
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• 2013

"Federal investments into the future of a region" - pushing economy in the right direction or throwing tax money into a black hole? Hot-headed contentions keep circulating within politics and economy discussing the effect of technology centers and their sustainability within a region. Start-up support and technological infrastructure with the auxiliary service of well developed sector-oriented clusters as a fertile soil for successful networks are an undeniable advantage of well organised technology centers. Sceptic contemporaries still hold against that in order to implement such a center millions of federal funds for infrastructure and operation are invested. What output of this tax money is verifiable in the long run? The case of Dortmund provides substantial food for this necessary and relevant discussion. Now, after 27 years of history of the TechnologieZentrumDortmund, TZDO for short, a positive balance can be drawn. This is not just a matter of personal belief and stance. Fortunately, a recent study on the economic effects of the TZDO on the whole region was performed by the Center of Applied Economy Research M$\ddot{u}$nster, Germany (Gundel and Luttmann 2008). The result is clear and measurable: the TZDO has shown to be of great impact on the positive development of a whole region. This paper presents an account of the approach of the TechnologieZentrumDortmund and its current strategy and mode of operation to reach an utmost of effectiveness of personal and pecuniary input in establishing economic success for the region of Dortmund. An immense change of minds, employment opportunities and a massive structural change of the whole region were some of the ambitious aims that had to be reached and that are achieved to a large extent.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.49
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• pp.310.1-310.11
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• 2018

Background: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common community-acquired bacterial infections. Recent increases of antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens might have changed the other epidemiologic characteristics of APN. The objective of this study was to describe the current epidemiology of APN in Korea, using the entire population. Methods: From the claims database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea, the patients with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes N10 (acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis) or N12 (tubulo-interstitial nephritis, neither acute nor chronic) as the primary discharge diagnosis during 2010-2014 were analyzed, with two or more claims during a 14-day period considered as a single episode. Results: The annual incidence rate of APN per 10,000 persons was 39.1 and was on the increase year to year (35.6 in 2010; 36.7 in 2011; 38.9 in 2012; 40.1 in 2013; 43.8 in 2014, P = 0.004). The increasing trend was observed in both inpatients (P = 0.014) and outpatients (P = 0.004); in both men (P = 0.042) and women (P = 0.003); and those aged under 55 years (P = 0.014) and 55 years or higher (P = 0.003). Eleven times more women were diagnosed and treated with APN than men (men vs. women, 6.5 vs. 71.3), and one of every 4.1 patients was hospitalized (inpatients vs. outpatients, 9.6 vs. 29.4). The recurrence rate was 15.8%, and the median duration from a sporadic episode (i.e., no episode in the preceding 12 months) to the first recurrence was 44 days. The recurrence probability increased with the number of previous recurrences. The average medical cost per inpatient episode was USD 1,144, which was 12.9 times higher than that per outpatient episode (USD 89). Conclusion: The epidemiology of APN in Korea has been changing with an increasing incidence rate.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2018

In the US, there are no governing bodies within the federal executive departments dedicated to the arts and cultural affairs. Direct government subsidies for the arts are relatively small compared to other countries with a comparable economy and standard of living. Nevertheless, the US produces artworks, artists, and arts groups, leading the world's arts and culture. Incorporating the concepts of network governance and shared governance, this paper examines the dynamic roles and interrelationships among various for-profit/nonprofit arts organizations, foundations, councils, service organizations, arts advocacy groups, and professional/amateur associations from the federal to local levels that compose the ecology of American arts and culture. Through our evaluation, we conclude that the local/state/federal arts agencies and arts organizations at various levels influence each other via the principle of subsidiarity and isomorphism, creating a unique cultural policy and arts-supporting system that correspond to the political and social structure and environment of the United States.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

Background/Objectives: Despite multiple approaches of treatments for salivary duct carcinoma, there has been a need for more successful treatment methods because of its poor prognosis. Treatment options like immunotherapy using new technologies have been attempted. Based on recent study results indicating that targeting programmed death receptors are effective in treating various cancers, this study aimed to identify the frequency of PD-L1 expression and its impact on survival rate in salivary duct carcinoma. Materials & Methods: We studied 33 patients with salivary gland cancer who were available for histologic specimens. We examined the expression of PD-L1 in the tissues and analyzed the association with the survival rate and the association with various clinical parameters. Results: According to this study and review of similar studies, we discovered that the expression of PD-L1 in salivary duct carcinoma was lower than other types of cancers. The impact of PD-L1 on survival rate also showed inconsistency in salivary duct carcinoma. Conclusion: Immunotherapy by PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in salivary duct carcinoma needs further evaluation for clinical application.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.71-95
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• 2019

With high interest in linked data, there are various attempts to accommodate the linked data model in cataloging process. This study intends to discuss how to adopt and make the best use of linked data based bibliographic framework in order to improve the quality of library catalogs and to enhance library services in Korean libraries. To the end, this study focuses on (1) discussion of the meaning of linked data from the library cataloging perspective, (2) tracking best practices for implementing and operating linked data among North American and Europe libraries and bibliographic networks (in detail, constructing various types of ontology, developing linked data model including BIBFRAME and OCLC linked model, and improving retrieval service and interface), and finally (3) exploring problems and the anticipated challenges to transition to the linked data model in Korea. The data for discussion were collected from literature review and case study.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between the characteristics of the patients who received oral antihyperglycemic drugs and their medical adherence in Korea. The study method was a cross-sectional study using the patient sample data of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for 2016, and it was analyzed with 109 major components of diabetes drug. The medical adherence was slightly higher in male than female. The patriots & veterans(free) type had the highest medication adherence because they have low self burden to access medical institutions compared to other insurance types. It is expect that this study result will be used as a basic data to understand the burden of outpatients with health insurance and establish a policy to reduce of the self outpatients' burden with chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.554-559
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• 2006

The currently common housing is obviously going to be under the reconstruction in just $20{\sim}30$ years, with the failure to satisfy the improvement of national income, diversification and advance of national demand. But, reckless and random reconstruction Induce the serious problem of environmental pollution involving the loss of national treasury and excess materials of constructions. In order to address such problem, the common housing of longevity, which can adequately cope with the changes of times and tastes of inhabiters, in the future, is arising as an alternative. Recently, the groundbreaking phase of common housing is also being considered as another alternative to resolve such problem. The common housing of longevity has an advantage to create a free and comfortable space in accordance with the tastes of inhabiters, as well as expanding the durability of building. But, the current facility system has an inability to deal with the sort of housing. Thus, the research paper is designed to make an analysis on problems of common housing in South Korea, which has made it difficult to handle a changing space, and based on the analysis, the paper is intended to make a review on the future-oriented facility service appropriate enough to deal with the changing aspects of space.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.218-230
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the percentage of the oriental medical Ob & GY disease group in Korean Medical Health Insurance and to gain the basic data of enlargement and improvement of Acupuncture Benefits in the oriental medical Ob & Gy field. Methods: We requested data about the status of Insurance Benefits in 2005. 2006 to Health Insurance Review & Assessmenstatus Service(HIRA). And on the basis of this 2005. 2006 data, we analyzed the status of Insurance Benefits and Acupuncture Benefits in the oriental medical Ob & Gy disease group. Results: 1. Total health care benefit costs of Korean medical health insurance in 2005, 2006 took 4.38 percent and 4.25 percent of total health care benefit costs of Health insurance. 2. Total health care benefit costs of the oriental medical Ob & Gy disease group in 2005, 2006 took 0.38 percent and 0.40 percent of total health care benefit costs of Korean medical health insurance. 3. The percentage of Acupuncture benefits costs of the oriental medical Ob & Gy disease group in 2005, 2006 was merely 0.22 percent and 0.23 percent of total Acupuncture Benefits costs. 4. The main sick and wounded name of Ob & Gy diseases of Acupuncture Benefits was limited to Menstrual Disorder(K01)과- Uterus Abnormality(K13). Conclusion: The percentage of the oriental medical Ob & Gy disease group in Korean Medical Health Insurance was very low and the percentage of Acupuncture Benefits of he oriental medical Ob & Gy disease group was also very low. From now on, Searching ay of enlargement of Acupuncture Benefits in the oriental medical Ob & Gy field is required.