• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.522-540
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• 2012

The main aim of the paper is to identify the position or status of Korean economic geography in changing global economic geography by reviewing papers published in Korean geographical journals since the mid-1950s. Since the late 20th century as economic geography has developed significantly with the introduction of new research issues, methodologies, and theory and concepts, economic geography in Korea also has gone through rapid development in terms of both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The paper attempts to analyze trends in Korean economic geography by reviewing agricultural, industrial, commercial geographies, and others since the mid-1950s. The review of economic geography in Korea would be based on four periods classified by research issues and approaches; foundation (~1950s), positioning (1960s and 1970s), jump and rush (1980s and mid-1990s), and transitional period (late 1990s~). Agricultural geography in Korea has decreased due to increases of the interests in industrial geography since the 1980s. In particular, since the late 1990s industrial geography has undergone a significant transition in accordance with the emergence of new theories of institutional perspectives, centering around issues on value chains, innovative cluster, cooperative and competitive networks, foreign direct investment, flexible specialization and venture ecology. Along with this, there has been changes in the interest of commercial geography in Korea from researches on periodical markets, the structure of store formats, and distributions by commodity, to researches on producer services and retailer's locational behaviors and commercial supremacy according to the emergence of new store formats. Since the late 1990s, many researches and discussions associated with the new economic geography began to emerge in Korea. Various research issues are focused on analyzing changes of local, regional and global economic spaces and their processes in relation to institutional perspectives, knowledge and innovation, production chain and innovative networks, industrial clusters and RIS, and geographies of service. Although economic geography in Korea has developed significantly both in quantitative and qualitative perspectives, we pointed out that it has still limited in some specific scope and issues. Therefore, it is likely to imply that its scope and issues should be diversified with new perspectives and approaches.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.21-30
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• 2014

Lately, new influentials have secured a large number of volunteers on social networks due to vitalization of various social media. There has been considerable research on these influential people in social networks but the research has limitations on location information of Location Based Social Network Service(LBSNS). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a spatial detection methodology and application plan for influentials who make comments about diverse social and cultural issues in LBSNS using spatial statistical analysis methods. Twitter was used to collect analysis object data and 168,040 Twitter messages were collected in Seoul over a month-long period. In addition, 'politics,' 'economy,' and 'IT' were set as categories and hot issue keywords as given categories. Therefore, it was possible to come up with an exposure index for searching influentials in respect to hot issue keywords, and exposure index by administrative units of Seoul was calculated through a spatial joint operation. Moreover, an influential index that considers the spatial dependence of the exposure index was drawn to extract information on the influential areas at the top 5% of the influential index and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and spatial correlation. The experimental results demonstrated that spatial correlation coefficient was relatively high at more than 0.3 in same categories, and correlation coefficient between politics category and economy category was also more than 0.3. On the other hand, correlation coefficient between politics category and IT category was very low at 0.18, and between economy category and IT category was also very weak at 0.15. This study has a significance for materialization of influentials from spatial information perspective, and can be usefully utilized in the field of gCRM in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2017

To examine the cause of acute diarrheal disease in children and adolescents, 521 fecal samples underwent multiple-PCR for a period of two years, between March 2015 and February 20178, in the Jeju region of Korea. Based on the analysis of 179 positive samples, 102 samples were male (56.98%) and 77 were female (43.02%), and highest positive rates were shown in the age group of 3~4 years (51.96%) and 5~6 years (12.29%). When 209 cases (40.12%), including double infection were analyzed, there were 88 cases (16.89%) of norovirus-GII infection, 26 cases (4.99%) of Campylobacter spp. infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of rotavirus infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of Clostridium difficile Toxin B infection, 17 cases (3.26%) of adenovirus infection, 16 cases (3.07%) of Clostridium perfringens infection, 11 cases (2.11%) of astrovirus infection, 5 cases (0.96%) of Salmonella spp. infection, 3 cases (0.58%) of norovirus-GI, Yersinia spp. and Aeromonas spp. infections, and 1 case (0.19%) of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli infection. Based on a seasonal separation of early childhood, norovirus-GI and norovirus-GII mainly prevailed during the winter, when the temperature is low. Typical enteritis with an increased prevalence of rotavirus during the spring. Astrovirus prevailed between the months of April and October, when norovirus-GI, norovirus-GII, and rotavirus did not prevail. With increasing age, acute diarrheal disease was not only induced by a virus, but also by bacteria. Although a test for virus is an effective method when trying to identify the cause during early childhood by multiplex-PCR, it would be desirable to undergo tests for both virus and bacteria concurrently as age increases.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 1999

This study attempts to encourage the development of a rehabilitation delivery system as a substitute service for hospitalization such as a community based intermediate facility or home health care. We need substitute services for hospitalization to curtail the length of stay for inpatients due to car accidents. It focused on developing an estimation for early discharge based on a detailed statement of treatment from medical records of 109 inpatients who were hospitalized at General Hospital in 1997. This study has three specific purposes: First, to find the mean length of stay and mean medical expenditure. Second, to estimate the mean of early discharge from the mean length of stay. Third, to analyize the income effect per bed from early discharge. In order to analyze the length of stay and medical expenditure of inpatients the author conducted a micro and macro-analysis with medical expenditure records. To estimate the early discharge we examined with a group of 4 experts decreases in the amount of treatment after surgery, in treatments, in tests, in drug methods. We also looked their vital signs, the start of ROM exercise, the time removel, a patient's visitations, and possible stable conditions. In addition to identifing the income effect due to an early discharge, the data was analyzed by an SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program with a regression analysis model. The research findings are as follows: First, the mean length of stay was 47.56 days, but the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 32.26 days. The estimation of early discharge days was shown to depend on the length of stay. The longer the length of stay, the longer the length before discharge. For example, if the patient stayed under 14 days the mean length of stay was 7.09 while an early discharge was 6.39, whereas if the mean length of stay was 155.73, the early discharge time was 107.43. The mean medical expenditure per day of car accident patients was found to be 169,085 Won, whereas the mean medical expenditure per day was shown to be in a negative linear form according to the length of stay. That is the mean expenditure for under 14 days of stay was 303,015 Won and the period of the hospitalization of 15 days to 29 days was 170,338 Won and those of 30 days to 59 days was 113,333 Won. The estimation of the income effect due to being discharged 16 days was around 2,350,000 Won with a regression analysis model. However, this does not show the real benefits from an early discharge, but only the income increasing amount without considering prime medical cost at a general hospital. Therefore, we need further analysis on cost containments and benefits incending turn over rates and medical prime costs. From these research findings, the following suggestions have been drawn, we need to develop strategies on a rehabilitation delivery system focused on consumers for the 21st century. Varions intermediate facilities and home health care should be developed in the community as a substitute for shortening the length of stay in hospitals. In home health care cases, patients who want rehabilitation services as a substitute for hospitalization in cooperation with private health insurance companies might be available immediately.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.141-168
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• 2006

The present study explored and compared the risk factors of two subtypes of maritally violent men with those of a nonviolent comparison group. One type of batterers consisted of a community sample, and the other was sought from the criminal justice system. The identities of the male community batterers were not exposed to the society since their victims did not contact any of the social service agents related to domestic violence. To identify the different characteristics associated with two subtypes of woman abusers, a total of 152 nonviolent men, 82 male community batterers, and 336 offenders in a criminal justice system were considered. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the level of physical violence of the community batterers was two times lower than that of the batterers who received legal punishments. The results of the multinominal logistic regression were as follows: (1) The variables that distinguished the male community batterers from the nonviolent men were the use of physical violence towards children, marital decision power, and income. (2) Four factors had been found to distinguish batterers in the criminal justice system from nonbatterers, namely: attitudes towards woman battering, education, violence towards children, and level of jealousy. (3) The community batterers showed a higher level of education and of stress as well as a longer period of marital relationship compared to the batterers in the criminal justice system. On the other hand, the batterers who received legal punishments had more severe alcohol problems and had an accepting attitude towards the use of violence. This study also investigated psychopathology among batterers using MCMI-III, based on 333 subjects. In terms of the mean scores, there were no subscales associated with personality pathology in all the male groups. Based on the logit model, the community batterers showed a stronger tendency towards having a passive-aggressive personality than did their counterparts, and they recorded a higher level of narcissism compared to the court-referred battering men. Post-traumatic stress was the only symptom that distinguished the batterers who received legal punishments from the other groups. The theoretical and practical implications of these results were pointed out and discussed in the paper.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 1996

Growth and survival rate in shortnecked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum were studied from different seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang to Kwangyang Bay, Korea, and three stocking densities (1,000, 1,500 and 3,000 individuals/$m^2$) of clam from Ulsan seedling production area were examined. During the experimental period, water temperature and specific gravity were ranged from 4.5 to $26.0^{\circ}C$ and from 1.0216 to 1.0248, respectively. Shell length was grown from $2.30{\pm}0.05\;to\;3,29{\pm}0.02$ cm in Hadong, $1.32{\pm}0.02\;to\;3.15{\pm}2.02$ cm in Ulsan, $1.24{\pm}0.03\;to\;3.18{\pm}0.02$ cm in Kochang. Kochang's seed was displayed fast growth rate than others. In different rearing densities, the lower density group was showed a rapid growth rate. Shell length from the 1,000 individuals per $m^2$ group grew longer than that from the 2,000 individuals group. Total weight from the 1,000 individuals group was higher than that from the 1,5()0 individual and the 2,000 individual groups. Survival rate by seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang showed $69.4\%,\;63.8\%\;and\;41.7\%$, respectively. Survival rate by rearing density, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 individual groups showed $70.8\%,\;67.8\%\;and\;59.0\%$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.39-51
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to analyze the socio-economical factors related to smoking and drinking behaviors using the Korea Welfare Panel data. The key variables were sex, age, frequency of health and medical facilities visit, subjective health level, smoking level, drinking level, depression symptoms, and low income level. Since the health variables in the Welfare Panel data were limited, the analysis was exploratory. In male population of those older than 30 years old, low income group people were more likely to smoke cigarettes than the general income population. In the result of the Chi square analysis, the smoking rate showed significantly different relationships with the different age groups, gender and income level. According to the descriptive analysis, persons with low income level were more likely to experience health risk behaviors and showed more medical service utilization. The utilization of the local public health centers was 4.6% for the Bow income level and 1% for the general level. The higher smoking rate was associated with the younger age, and the lower income. The smoking rate in the age category from 20 to 29 was 23.3% for the general level and 25% for the low income level. On the other hand, the drinking rate was even higher in the general families. The rates of non use of alcohol was 36.7% in the general families and 58.4% for the low income families. For both smoking and high risk drinking issues, demographic and sociological variables such as sex, age, education levels and income levels were analyzed, and there wer significant relationships. Health risk factors were serious for males, with age groups of 20's and 30's, lower education level, and in a low income family. In general, females were more unhealthy. The rates of smoking and drinking were higher in the low income level. Even in the health and nutrition survey results in 2005, persons in the low income class were experiencing poorer health in health level or the degree of action restriction. Since the effects of the health promotion could not be measured in a short period of time, it has not been easy to create the basis for the substantial effects. Factors related to health risks needs to be continuously studied using data from diverse field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.544-549
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• 2014

In this study, the permeation efficiency (PE) of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) extract (STE) into egg using the temperature change method (TCM) and pressure was investigated. STE was prepared in a volume of water equal to 10 times the weight of the sea tangle at $100^{\circ}C$ over a 3 hr period. The PE of iodine as a representative component of the STE as well as the total polyphenol content at ambient pressure were determined as follows: 1) after soaking in the STE at 30, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr, and 2) after soaking in the STE at $4^{\circ}C$ immediately after soaking in distilled water at $50^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, and 3 hr (TCM), respectively. The PE of iodine as well as the total polyphenol content improved as the temperature of the STE increased (P<0.05). The permeation of iodine was more rapid, and the total polyphenol content increased with the TCM (121 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.74 mg/mL for 3 hr, respectively) compared to without the TCM (72 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.48 mg/mL for 3 hr, respectively), and the highest PE was observed with the TCM after soaking at $50^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr. At a pressure of 5.0 MPa, the PE was more rapid with the TCM (139 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.74 mg/mL for 90 min, respectively) than without the TCM (105 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.56 mg/mL for 90 min, respectively). Consequentially, these results suggest that the preparation of seasonings and functional eggs using various components and bioactive substances is possible by the TCM.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 1995

Puksin Bay located in the northwestern pan of Tongyeong, Korea has been contaminated by municipal wastewaters. In Puksin Bay, red tides have occured almost every year since the early 1980's. This experiment was carried out two times in a month in the winter in 1990, the summer' 1991, and the winter in 1994 so as to clarify the distribution marine bacteria and coliform groups in Puksin Bay. The water quality of Puksin Bay was not only move polluted than that of any other costal area around Tongyeong, but also its water quality was investigated to keep going bad. Viable cell counts in Puksin Bay were $4.9\times10^3/ml$ in 1990's winter, $3.6\times10^6/ml$ in 1991's summer, and $2.1\times10^4/ml$ in 1994's winter. The variation of seasonal total and fecal coliform MPN/100ml in Puksin Bay were $6.7\times10^2\;and\;2.6\times10^2$ in 1990's winter, $1.5\times10^4$ and $5.4\times10^3$ in 1991's summer, and $1.5\times10^3$ and $5.6\times10^2$ in 1994's winter, respectively. The changes of stational total coliform MPN/100m1 from station 1 to station 8 in Puksin Bay were 95,000, 1600, 1,000, 182, 151, 94, 43 and 13 in winter, and 110,000, 29,000, 2,400, 4,100, 1,700, 1,700, 810 and 150 in 1991's summer, and 3,381, 1928, 1582, 256, 161, 59 and 23 in 1994's winter. During the study period, the number of viable cell was ranged from $10^4\;to\;10^7/ml$ and 307 bacteria strains were isolated from Puksin Bay. The dominant species were Acinetobacter spp. 86 $(28.3\%)$, Pseudomonas spp. 51 $(16.6\%)$, Flavobacterium spp. 41 $(13.4\%)$, Escherichia coli 36 $(11.7\%)$, and Vibrio spp. 27$(8.8\%)$. The results obtained in this study indicate that this bay is getting to contaminate far more with municipal wastewaters and cultivation of the shellfish and finfish in this bay is not proper. When municiple wastewaters keep flowing into this bay, any other coastal area around Tongyeong may be contaminated.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-33
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• 1995

The objective of the study are two-fold: one is to explore the relationship between environment, organizational structure, and organizational effectiveness of public health centers in Korea, and the other is to examine the validity of contingency theory for improving the organizational structure of public health care agencies, with special emphasis on public health nursing administration. Accordingly, the conceptual model of the study consisted of three different concepts: environment, organizational structure, and organizational effectiveness, which were built up from the contingency theory. Data were collected during the period from 1st of May through 30th of June, 1990. From the total of 249 health centers in the country, one hundred and five centers were sampled non proportionally, according to the geopolitical distribution. Out of 105, 73 health centers responded to mailed questionnaire. The health centers were the unit of the study, and a various statistical analysis techniques were used: Reliability analysis(Cronbach's Alpha) for 4 measurement tools; Shapiro-Wilk statistic for normality test of measured scores of 6 variables: ANOVA, Pearson Correlaion analysis, regressional analysis, and canonical correlation analysis for the test of the relationships and differences between the variables. The results were. as follows : 1. No significant differences between forma lization, decision-making authority and environmental complexity were found(F=1.383, P=.24 ; F=.801, P=.37). 2. Negative relationships between formalization and decision-making authority for both urban and rural health centers were found(r=-.470, P=.002 ; r=-.348, P=.46). 3. No significant relationship between formalization and job satisfaction for both urban and rural health centers were found (r=-.242, P=.132, r=-.060, P=.739). 4. Significant positive relationship between decision - making authority and job satisfaction were found in urban health centers (r=.504, P=.0009), but no such relationship was observed in rural health centers. Regression coefficient between them was statistically significant($\beta=1.535$, P=.0002), and accuracy of regression line was accepted (W=.975, P= .420). 5. No significant relationships among formalization and family planning services, maternal health services, and tuberculosis control services for both urban and rural health centers were found. 6. Among decision-making authority and family planning services, maternal health services, and tuberculosis control services, significant positive relationship was found between de cision-making authority and family planning services(r=.286, P=.73). 7. A significant difference was found in maternal health services by the type of health centers (F=5.13, P=.026) but no difference was found in tuberculosis control services by the type of health centers, formalization, and decision-making authority. 8. A significant positive relationships were found between family planning services and maternal health services and tuberculosis control services, and between maternal health services and tuberculosis control services (r=-.499, P=.001 ; r=.457, P=.004 ; r=.495, P=.002) in case of urban health centers. In case of rural health centers, relationships between family planning services and tuberculosis control services, and between maternal health services and tuberculosis control services were statistically significant (r=.534, P=.002 ; r=.389, P=.027). No significant relationship was found between family planning and maternal health services. 9. A significant positive canonical correlation was found between the group of independent variables consisted of formalization and de cision-making authority and the group of dependent variables consisted of family planning services, maternal health services and tuberculosis control services(Rc=.455, P=.02). In case of urban health centers, no significant canonical correlation was found between them, but significant canoncial correlation was found in rural health centers(Rc=.578, P=.069), 10. Relationships between job satisfaction and health care productivity was not found significant. Through these results, the assumed relationship between environment and organizational structure was not supported in health centers. Therefore, the relationship between the organizational effectiveness and the congruence between environment and organizational structure that contingency theory proposes to exist was not able to be tested. However decision-making authority was found as an important variable of organizational structure affecting family planning services and job satisfaction in urban health centers. Thus it was suggested that decentralized decision making among health professionals would be a valuable strategy for improvement of organizational effectiveness in public health centers. It is also recommended that further studies to test contingency theory would use variability and uncertainty to define environment of public health centers instead of complexity.