• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.3 no.4 s.12
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2002

Recently, utilization of PMIS(Project Management Information System) is in high demand as it is desired to advance the construction market through cost reduction and quality improvement within the given schedule. However, PMIS developed by individual projects are mostly evolving around construction progress status due to the temporary nature of development period and use of the system by project executers is no more than perfunctory that results in limiting the effective communication between the project owner, project manager and constructor. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the PMIS developed so far, and present the direction for an effective PMIS.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.26
• /
• pp.203-223
• /
• 2005

Many international transactions involve the use of security devices, commonly referred to as "guarantees", "bonds", or "standby credits", designed to protect one of the parties from a breach by its counter-party. These security mechanisms may be provided by banks, insurance companies, specialized surety companies, or other financial service firms. Although some legal systems distinguish between "guarantees", "bonds", and "indemnities", these terms are often used as synonyms in the everyday language of international traders. It may therefore be necessary to examine the particular characteristics and nature of the guarantee obligation in order to properly classify the guarantee. Two main categories of guarantee are demand and suretyship. Under a demand guarantee, the guarantor must pay on first demand by the beneficiary. The beneficiary only has to demand payment under the guarantee - there is no need to prove that the principal has actually defaulted on a contractual obligation. Under a suretyship or conditional guarantee, the obligation of the guarantor is triggered by the actual default or contractual breach of the principal, as evidenced in a document such as a court judgement or arbitral award against the principal. Guarantees have been widely used in the international business transactions. Main uses of guarantees are as follows : Performance Bonds/Guarantees, Bid(or Tender) Bonds/Guarantees, Advance Payment or Repayment Bonds/Guarantees, Retention Bonds/Guarantees, Maintenance(or Warranty) Bonds/Guarantees etc.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 1995.04a
• /
• pp.396-401
• /
• 1995

Epoxy coated reinforcing steels (ECRs) were acquired from ten sources and coatings from each source were initially characterized in terms of defects, thickness, solvent extraction weight loss and hardness. Testing involved exposure in three aqueous solutions at elevated temperature (8$0^{\circ}C$) and in chloride-contaminated concrete slabs under outdoor exposure, It was found that the density and size of coating defects was the promary factor affecting ECR performance. The equivalent circuit analysis using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data indicated that the impedance response for well-performing ECR specimens showed no signs of active degradation at the interface although diffusional processes similar to those noted for poorly performing bars occurred here. Experimental results also indicated a relationship between corrosion behavior and bar source. Weight loss upon solvent extraction correlated with impedance reduction from hot water exposure. Coating defects during most of the tests, especially in high pH solutions containing chloride ions. ECRs with excessive coating defects, either initially present or ones which developed in service, performed poorly in every test category regardless of source. Forms of coating failure were extensive rusting at defects, blistering, wet adhesion loss, cathodic delamination, underfilm corrosion and coating cracks. These occurred sequentially or concurrently, depending on the condition of the ECR and nature of the environment

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.17-35
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the formation and changing pattern of nursing perspectives of nursing students. 176 subjects were composed of 118 nusing students and 58 non-nursing students. The data were collected through openended question and structured questionair. The result were as follows : 1. Nursing perspectives were classified six categories(nature of nursing, image of nursing, component of nursing, meaning of nursing, range of nursing, function of nursing) 2. As increased major lecture period, the item of ${\lceil}$Nursing is helping${\rfloor}$ was changing positively. 3. As incresed clinical practice, the student's perception about items of ${\lceil}$Nursing has gap between theory and practice${\rfloor}$, ${\lceil}$Nursing is helping${\rfloor}$ was increased. 4. As increased self-concept, the students were considered the item of ${\lceil}$Nursing is action that giving knowledge and helping to effective coping for individual and group${\rfloor}$ significantly. 5. 1) The students having religion were considered the item of ${\lceil}$Nursing must doing politely${\rfloor}$ significantly relatively to the students don't have religion. 2) The students having experience of admission to hospital in their or their family had negative nursing perspectives. 3) Against the students who select nursing major for his high school perfoermonce and advice of their significant others, the students who select nursing major for service had positive nursing perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.35 no.9
• /
• pp.1099-1111
• /
• 2011

This study identified the types of consumer review information about apparel products based on consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the availability/non-availability of consumer review information for online stores. Data were collected from 318 females aged 20s' to 30s', who had significant experience in reading consumer reviews posted on online stores. Consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with availability or non-availability of review information on online stores is different for information in regards to apparel product attributes, product benefits, and store attributes. According to the concept of quality elements suggested by the Kano model, two types of consumer review information were determined: Must-have information (product attribute information about size, fabric, color and design of the apparel product; benefit information about washing & care and comport of the apparel product; store attribute information about responsiveness, disclosure, delivery and after service of the store) and attracting information (attribute information about price comparison; benefit information about coordination with other items, fashionability, price discounts, value for price, reaction from others, emotion experienced during transaction, symbolic features for status, health functionality, and eco-friendly feature; store attribute information about return/refund, damage compensation and reputation/credibility of online store and interactive and dynamic nature of reviews among customers). There were significant differences between the high and low involvement groups in their perceptions of consumer review information.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.83-98
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted on rare plants distributed in Chungnam area from April, 2012 to November, 2017. The rare plant populations that are emerging are: Utricularia pilosa, Jeffersonia dubia, Iris ruthenica, Tipularia japonica, Calanthe discolor, Parasenecio pseudotaimingasa, Ranunculus kazusensis, Berchemia racemosa, Pogonia minor and Glehnia littoralis. According to the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), plant resources in the rare species category were one important type (CR), three hazardous species (EN) and six vulnerable species (VU). As a result of analyzing characteristics of ecological environment and threats, five types of habitat types, two aquatic areas, two types of flatland and coastal sand dune distribution types were analyzed. The decreasing tendency of the rare plant populations in the surveyed area is judged to be artificial disturbance and habitat destruction rather than climate or environmental change. Considering the characteristics of habitat, conservation measures should be prepared for each population.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2015

In this paper there is an overview of some standards and security models which are implemented in such an IP-based and heterogeneous networks and we also present some security models in an open environment and finally we obtain that as a result of the nature of 4G networks there are still more security holes and open issues for expert to notice. Our survey shows that a number of new security threats to cause unexpected service interruption and disclosure of information will be possible in 4G due mainly to the fact that 4G is an IP-based, heterogeneous network. Other than that, it tells about the security issues and vulnerabilities present in the above 4G standards are discussed. Finally, we point to potential areas for future vulnerabilities and evaluate areas in 4G security which warrant attention and future work by the research and advanced technology industry.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.23-41
• /
• 2004

Rapid development of computer and telecommunication technology brought out the expansion of electronic commerce which is the new type of business transaction. Offline transaction can lead to problems and disputes the same is for cyberspace transactions. However ADR is not meet for the online transaction for speed, cost and open network system, ODR methods to resolve electronic commerce conflicts is crucial for building confidence and permitting access to justice in an online business environment. And ADR refers to processes other than judicial determination in which an impartial person assists those in a dispute to resolve the issues between them. ODR refers to ADR processes assisted by information technology, particularly the internet. ODR has been available since 1996. Its development can be as passing through three broad stages : hobbyist, experimental, entrepreneurial, institutional phrase. Also, ODR has adapted a range of traditional ADR for use online, including arbitration. mediation. facilitated negotiation and case appraisal. Mediation and arbitration have been the most prevalent forms of ODR. ODR is the burgeoning field and has created a new issues. All such issues which have been debated in the ADR are composed with ODR. But these are not limited. Some of issues are further complicated by the nature of the online environment such as confidentiality and principle of parties. Finally electronic commerce now takes place on the Internet, it is inevitable that the commercial world wants access to dispute resolution process that best suits the new commercial environment. ODR methods are processing for development and legal issues are considered by both national and international authorities.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.27 no.A
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2007

Concrete is a material that will crack during its service life by its very nature. For bridge decks this is especially significant as these cracks allow accelerated ingress of chlorides and the subsequent corrosion of the reinforcing steel and deck deterioration. Very-early strength latex-modified concrete (below ; VES-LMC) was developed in order to realize early-opening-to-traffic bridge deck concrete. Although there has been little research to document the degree of cracking in VES-LMC overlay, there has been a general perception among highway agencies that overlay cracking of VES-LMC, particularly early-age cracking, is a one of problems which should be solved. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of map, transverse and longitudinal cracking in VES-LMC and to provide a control methods for minimizing the occurrence of cracks. The proposed prevention against map and transverse cracking was verified by field applications. VES cement was modified, the unit cement contents was reduced into $360kg/m^3$ from $390kg/m^3$, the maximum size of coarse aggregate was increase into 19mm from 13mm, wire mesh and steel fibers were incorporated in concrete mixture.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.102-116
• /
• 2008

In their teaching practice, teachers encounter multi-dimensions of pedagogical challenges. The recognition and reflection on these challenges is crucial to advance our science teaching. This study looked into science teachers' dilemmas of their teaching practical work through their written cases. Dilemma cases are teachers' narratives organized around important events of teaching and learning. It can reveal teachers' situated cognition and be used as lens to investigate complex realities of science teaching and learning. 26 pre- and in-service elementary teachers' dilemma cases of science practical work were carefully collected and analysed to interpret what constitute tensions in elementary science practical works. They were largely grouped into three: Curriculum and Institutional Relevance, Students Relevance, Nature of School Experiments Relevance and divided into 7 subheadings: 'Authority of Curriculum(textbook)', 'Disappointment at external support', 'Students' interests and safety', 'Students' unscientific and inert attitude', 'Difficulty of showing expected results', 'Generalization through experiment', 'Knowledge acquisition and authentic inquiry'. Each dilemma was interpreted in terms of the tensions which constitute contradictory beliefs, values, expectation and realities. These dilemmas enabled to expose actual conditions of elementary science practical work and teachers' challenges otherwise can not be seen easily. Science teacher educators also can get some implications to overcome the gap between theory and practice in their teacher education.