• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 2000

Purpose : Although there are a lot of the reports about the persistence of anti HBs titer of plasma derives HBV vaccine, it is difficult to find the follow up studies of the recombinant HBV vaccine. We performed this study to compare the persistence of anti HBs titer by vaccination schedule and the seronegative rate of 5 years later according to Anti HBs titer after basic immunization in neonatal period by recombinant HBV vaccination. Methods : This study was performed on 420 neonates at Pusan Moon Hwa Hospital from April to December 1993, followed up for 5 years after basic immunization by recombinant HBV vaccine. The anti HBs titer test was done by radioimmunoassay(RIAAUSAB, Abbott laboratories). The positive anti HBs level that would protect against HBV infection was defined as a level equal to or greater than 10mIU/mL. Results : In this study the seronegative rate after 5 years was 5% in 2 month schedule group, 25.5% in 6 month schedule group(P>0.05). In 2 month schedule group the seronegative rate was 20% when anti HBs titer is lower than 200mIU/mL, 0% when more than 200mIU/mL(P>0.05). In 6 month schedule group the seronegative rate was 66.7% when anti HBs titer was lower than 200mIU/mL, 40% when 200~499.9mIU/mL, 23.9% when 500~999.9mIU/mL, 22.5% when more than 1000mIU/mL. Conclusion : In this study the seronegative rate after 5 years of recombinant HBV vaccination was 5~25.5%. The persistence of anti HBs titer was statistically irrelevant to schedule. The seronegative rate after 5 years was statistically irrelevant to anti HBs titer after basic immunization.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.280-284
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• 2000

Background : Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can be controlled by vaccination. Because rubella is typically a childhood disease, occurring predominantly in the 5 to 14 year age group, female school teachers nay be a high-risk population for CRS. Objectives : To determine the prevalence rate of rubella antibodies in school teachers of child bearing age. Methods : The study population consisted of primary, middle and high school teachers of child bearing age. The subjects were aged 35 years and younger, and consented to immunoglobulin (Ig) level testing using the ELISA method. Results : The positive rate of IgG was 77.9% in the study subjects (n=314). Sixty-three teachers (21.4%) were susceptible to rubella infection. Thirty-seven teachers (11.8%) had a history of rubella vaccination. Among the female teachers with no vaccination history, the proportion of negative IgM and IgG was 21.7%, and the proportion of positive IgM was 2.9%. Seventy-nine percent of the study subjects did not know that they should not become pregnant for three months after receiving the rubella vaccine. Conclusion : School teachers of child bearing age should be considered a high risk group for CRS, and should be vaccinated if they are found to be seronegative.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.275-281
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• 2007

Neospora caninum (N caninum) is an intracellular protozoa parasite, and its infection is one of the important diseases because it can cause abortion in cattle. This study was conduct to gain epidemiological data for more effective control of the disease. Bloods were collected from 2,162 cattle on 90 farms from February to September 2006. Serums were tested for antibodies to N caninum using ELISA CherdCheck, IDEXX). The dairy breed presented a higher proportion of seropositive results than that of Hanwoo. The estimated proportion of N caninum-positive dairy farms was 71.1 %, but the overall seroprevalence was estimated as 22.8%. The seroprevalence of dairy cattle and Hanwoo were 31.0% and 4.9%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence by age, but the not-intensive managed farms had a high seroprevalence (OR=1.91, p-value<0.01). The antibody rate of cattle with dog(s) was greater than that of those without dogs (OR=2.13, p-value<0.01). There was a significant difference in abortion rate between seropositive cattle and seronegative ones (OR=6.2, p-value<0.01).

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 1997

Purpose: We performed this study to find out short period humoral immunogenicity and safety of 47 passaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine(1,400PFU) in 12 months to 15 years aged healthy children. Methods: Ninety nine healthy chidren, who have no histories of varicella vaccination, recent chicken pox illness and contact, allergy to other vaccines and underlying severe diseases, were involved in this study from April 1997 to August 1997. 5ml blood were collected before vaccination and after vaccination from all vaccinees to measure varicella membrane antibody by FAMA, and varicella IgG antibody by EIA. And immediate reactions within 30 minutes after vaccination, local and systemic reactions within 3 days after vaccination and vaccine induced systemic illness during 6 weeks postvaccination period were observed in all vaccinees to identify side effects of study vaccine. Results: 1) 49 seronegative and 50 seropositive vaccinees were identified in both prevaccination serologic tests. 2) Serologic responses after vaccination measured by the FAMA in seronegative group showed that the mean GMT level revealed 64.0, and seroconversion rate was 97.9%. And serologic responses after vaccination measured by the FAMA in seropositive group showed that the mean GMT level(242.2) was markedly elevated comparing with the mean GMT level(9.2) of pre vaccination. 3) The results of EIA in seronegative group revealed that postvaccination mean GMT was 435.2(prevaccination GMT; 78.7), and 100% seroconversion rate. Also, the results of EIA in seropositve group showed that the mean GMT level(769.9) of postvaccination was almostly two fold hihger than the mean GMT level(419.7) of prevaccination. 4) Observed local reactions like injection sites redness, pain, hardness and itching sense were mild and disappeared within 3 days, also shorterm systemic reactions like irritability, lethargy, poor appetites and rash were not remarkable. And there were no remarkable side effects due to vaccine during study period in all vaccinees. Conclusion: We confirmed that 47 paasaged Oka strain live attenuated varicella vaccine has high shorterm humoral immunogenicity and safety. However, we need more detail and longterm humoral and cell mediated immunogenicity studies of this vaccine including clinical field trials.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.11
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• pp.416-421
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• 2019

Background: The seropositivity rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) antibodies is known to be ≥95% after hepatitis B virus vaccination during infancy. However, a low level or absence of anti-HBs in healthy children is discovered in many cases. Recent studies in adults reported that a reduced anti-HBs production rate is related to obesity. Purpose: To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) affects anti-HBs levels in healthy children following 3 serial dose vaccinations in infancy. Methods: We recruited 1,200 healthy volunteers aged 3, 5, 7, or 10 years from 4-day care centers and 4 elementary schools. All subjects completed a questionnaire including body weight, height, and vaccine type received. Levels of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs in all subjects were analyzed using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The standardized scores (z score) for each sex and age were obtained using the lambda-mu-sigma method in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents. Results: Our subjects (n=1,200) comprised 750 males (62.5%) and 450 females (37.5%). The overall anti-HBs seropositivity rate was 57.9% (695 of 1,200). We identified significant differences in mean BMI values between seronegative and seropositive groups (17.45 vs. 16.62, respectively; P<0.001). The anti-HBs titer was significantly decreased as the BMI z score increased adjusting for age and sex (B=-15.725; standard error=5.494; P=0.004). The probability of anti-HBs seropositivity based on BMI z score was decreased to an OR of 0.820 after the control for confounding variables (95% confidence interval, 0.728-0.923; P=0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant association between anti-HBs titer and BMI z score after adjustment for age and sex. Our results indicate that BMI is a potential factor affecting anti-HBs titer in healthy children.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.137-140
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• 2004

Ocular toxocariasis named also ocular larva migrans is caused by larvae of the roundworm Toxocara spp. The purpose of this study was to find out the seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies in patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis. Between January 2001 and December 2003, sera from 239 ocular patients, aged 3 to 80 years, were examined by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot test. Out of the 239 patients, 172 (72%) were seronegative and 67 (28%) were Toxocara seropositive; 95% CI (22-34%). The median age of Toxocara seropositive patients was 37.6 years. There was no significant difference in the number of Toxocara positive sera between the younger age group (${\leq}14$ years) and the older age group (＞14 years), p＞0.05. A high rate of Toxocara seropositivity in ocular patients should alert the ophthalmologists in Slovenia to include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of eye diseases more frequently.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) virolactia, and the prevalence of breast milk (BM)-transmitted postnatal CMV infection among premature infants after freeze-thawing (FT) and Holder pasteurization (HP) of breast milk. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study of 312 infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation, or with a birth weight less than 1,500 g from January 2013 to June 2017. All infants were screened for CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM at birth. Initial CMV specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CMV culture were performed on mothers' BM and babies' urine within the first 21 days of life. FT and HP of BM was used to prevent the transmission of CMV. For the surveillance of postnatal CMV infection, CMV culture and CMV specific PCR of urine from babies were repeated one to two months after the initial screening. Screening for viremia and viruria was performed if postnatal CMV infection was suspected. Results: Among 178 BM samples obtained from mothers of CMV-IgG-seropositive infants, 80 (44.9%) were CMV PCR positive. CMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in five of the 22 BM samples (22.7%) obtained from the mothers of CMV-IgG seronegative infants. When CMV DNA load in BM was measured before and after HP, various results were shown. Sixty-three infants out of 232 (27.2%) were evaluated for postnatal CMV infection and four infants out of 63 (6.3%) were infected. Conclusion: Interventions to prevent BM-transmitted CMV infection can reduce the chance of postnatal CMV infection, but not completely eliminate it.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.857-863
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• 2006

Purpose : To evaluate the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine among very low birth weight infants(VLBWI) who were vaccinated at 0, 1, 6 months of chronological age and to determine the factors associated with antibody formations. Methods : A total of 243 VLBWI admitted to Seoul and Gangneung Asan Medical Center neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2004 were included. Of 243, 13 infants were born to HBs Ag positive mother. All infants were given DNA recombinant vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months of chronological age. Infants born to HBs Ag positive mothers received hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth and a total of 4 doses of vaccinations. An antibody level over 10 mIU/mL, tested at 3-4 months after last vaccination, was regarded as a positive seroconversion. Results : The seroconversion rates were 84.4 percent and 84.5 percent for VLBWI and extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI), respectively. Of 28 seronegative infants who were given revaccinations, 60.7 percent seroconverted, resulting in 95.3 percent, 97.5 percent seroconversion rates for VLBWI and ELBWI, respectively. 76.9 percent of infants born to HBsAg positive mothers seroconverted and none became hepatitis B carriers. Factors such as gestational age, sex, various neonatal illness, and kinds of vaccinations did not influence the formation of the hepatits B antibody, however, the higher the weight at time of first vacciation yielded better seroconversion rate. Conclusion : Revaccination of seronegative VLBWI after 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccinaton is very effective. Therefore, testing the immune status after the hepatitis B vaccination, a practice not routinely done, is highly recommended.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.132-140
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• 2018

Purpose: The number of dengue fever cases is rising due to increasing overseas travel. Vaccination makes severe dengue fever in seronegative individuals after vaccination when they exposure to wild-type dengue virus. We investigated the seroepidemiology of the dengue virus for monitoring of Korean dengue virus immunity and establishing the prevention of dengue infection. Methods: The study was based on 446 residual sera collected from 98 infants (2 months to 1 year old), 152 adolescents (13 to 19 years old), 90 adults (20 to 50 years old), and 106 elderly participants (more than 65 years old) for other studies. Antibody levels for dengue virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) in each age group were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For each dengue virus IgG positive or equivocal result, an IgG ELISA was performed for Japanese encephalitis virus. Results: Of the 446 serum samples, only 1 (0.2%) adolescent had a positive result from the dengue IgG antibody test. In the dengue virus IgG antibody test, 14 (3.1%) samples showed equivocal results (10 adolescents and 4 elderly). In the 1 positive case of dengue virus IgG, the Japanese encephalitis IgG test was also positive. In the 14 equivocal cases of dengue virus IgG, there were 6 positive, 3 equivocal, and 5 negative of Japanese encephalitis IgG. Conclusions: The seroprevalence rate of dengue virus was very low in Koreans. This study provides important data for establishing the policy for preventive measures of dengue fever. It will be necessary to continuously monitor for dengue virus immunity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.975-991
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• 1997

Background : Many patients with isoniazid and rifampin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis have organisms that are also resistant to other first-line drugs. Despite of aggressive retreatment chemotherapy, the results are often unsuccessful, with a failure rate approaching 40%. Recently, there has been a revival of resectional surgery for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : A retrospective analyses of the case records and radiographic findings were done. Between January 1991 and December 1995, 14 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis were selected for resection to supplement chemotherapy. All patients had organisms resistant to many of the first-line drugs, including both isoniazid and rifampin. Results : Despite of aggressive therapy for median duration of 9.5 months, 12 of the 14 patients (86%) were still sputum smear and/or culture positive at the time of surgery. The disease was generally extensive. Although main lesions of the disease including thick-walled cavities were localized in one lung, lesser amounts of contralateral disease were demonstrated in 10 of 14 (71%). Types of surgery performed were pneumonectomy including extrapleural pneumonectomy in six patients, lobectomy or lobectomy plus in six patients, and segmentectomy in two patients. The resected lung appeared to have poor function ; preoperative perfusion lung scan showed only 4.8% of the total perfusion to the resected portion of the lung. There were no operative deaths. Two patients had major postoperative complications including empyema with bronchopleural fistula and prolonged air leak, respectively. Of the 14 patients, 13 (93%) remained sputum-culture-negative for M. tuberculosis for a median duration of 23 months and one remained continuously sputum smear and culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Conclusion : On the basis of comparison with historical controls, adjunctive resectional surgery appears to play a significant beneficial role in the management of patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis if the disease is localized and there are adequate reserve in pulmonary function.