• Title/Summary/Keyword: Series solution

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Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Manganese(II), Iron(III) and Cobalt(III) Complexes of Macrocyclic Ligand. Potential of Cobalt(III) Complex in Biological Activity

  • El-Tabl, Abdou S.;Shakdofa, Mohamad M.E.;El-Seidy, Ahmed M.A.
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.55 no.6
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    • pp.919-925
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    • 2011
  • A new series of manganese(II), iron(III) and cobalt(III) complexes of 14-membered macrocyclic ligand, (3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane-1,8-diamine) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-VIS, $^1H$- and $^{13}C$- NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibilities, conductivities, and ESR measurements. Molar conductance measurements in DMF solution indicate that the complexes are electrolytes. The ESR spectrum for cobalt(III) complex in $CD_3OD+10%D_2O$ after exposure to $^{60}Co-{\gamma}$-rays at 77 K using a 0.2217 M rad $h^{-1}$ vicrad source showed $g_{\perp}$ > $g_{\parallel}$ > $g_e$, indicating that, the unpaired electron site is mainly present in the $d_z2$ orbital with covalent bond character. In this case, the ligand hyperfine tensors are nearly collinear with ${\gamma}$-tensors, so there is no major tendency to bend. Therefore, little extra delocalization via the ring lobe of the $dz^2$ orbital occurs. However, the ESR spectrum in solid state after exposure to $^{60}Co-{\gamma}$-rays at 77 K showed $g_{\parallel}$ > $g_{\perp}$ > $g_e$, indicating that, the unpaired electron site is mainly present in the $d_x2_{-y}2$ ground state as the resulting spectrum contains a large number of randomly oriented molecules provided that, the principle directions of g and A tensors. Manganese (II) complex 2, $[H_{12}LMn]Cl_4.2H_2O$, showed six isotropic lines characteristic to an unpaired electron interacting with a nucleus of spin 5/2, however, iron(III) complex 3, $[H_{12}LFe]Cl_5.H_2O$, showed spectrum of a high spin $^{57}Fe$ (I=1/2), $d^5$ configuration. The geometry of these complexes was supported by elemental analyses, IR, electronic and ESR spectral studies. Complex 1 showed exploitation in reducing the amount of electron adducts formed in DNA during irradiation with low radiation products.

Synthesis, Magneto-Spectral, Electrochemical, Thermal Characterization and Antimicrobial Investigations of Some Nickel(II) Complexes of Hydrazones of Isoniazid (Isoniazid의 hydrazone을 갖는 몇 가지 니켈(II) 착물들의 합성, 자기적 및 전기적 성질, 열적 특성과 항균성에 대한 연구)

  • Prasad, Surendra;Agarwal, Ram K.
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.53 no.6
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    • pp.683-692
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    • 2009
  • The synthesis of a novel series of nickel(II) complexes with new ligands derived from hydrazones of isoniazid have been reported in present work. The complexes have general compositions [$Ni(L)_2X_2$] or $[Ni(L)_3](ClO_4)_2$ {L = N-isonicotinamido-furfuraldimine (INH-FFL), N-isonicotinamido-3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzaldimine (INH-TMB) or N-isonicotinamido-cinnamalidene (INH-CIN) and X = $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, $ NCS^-$ or $CH_3COO^-$}. The ligands hydrazones behave as neutral bidentates (N and O donor) through the carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen. The new complexes with octahedral geometry have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations, magnetic susceptibility/moment, thermogravimetric, electrochemical and spectroscopic studies viz. infrared and electronic spectra. On the basis of conductivity measurements in nitrobenzene ($PhNO_2$) solution the [$Ni(L)_2X_2$] and $[Ni(L)_3](ClO_4)_2$ complexes have been found to be non-electrolytes and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively. Thermal properties have also been investigated, which support the geometry of the complexes. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of nickel(II) complexes and few standard drugs have also been examined and it has been observed that the complexes have moderate antibacterial activities.

Suitability evaluation of magnesium substituted biphasic calcium phosphates prepared by coprecipitation method (공침법을 이용한 마그네슘이 첨가된 biphasic calcium phosphate의 적합성 평가)

  • Lee, Hyoung-Sin;Kim, Tae-Wan;Kim, Dong-Hyun;Park, Hong-Chae;Yoon, Seog-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.237-242
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    • 2010
  • Magnesium-substituted BCP (biphasic calcium phosphate) powders were prepared by incorporating small amounts of magnesium into the structure of different hydroxyapatite (HAp)/${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}$-TCP) ratios through coprecipitation method. A series of magnesium substitutions ranging from 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%, which are comparable to the measured magnesium contents, were performed. The obtained powders were characterized by the following analytical techniques: X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results have shown that substitution of magnesium in the calcium-deficient apatites resulted in the formation of biphasic mixtures of different HAP/${\beta}$-TCP ratios after heating above $1000^{\circ}C$. The 1.0 wt% magnesiumsubstituted-BCP were soaked in Hank's solutions after 2 weeks to observe the morphology of the biocement, especially needle-like hydroxyapatite crystals and to estimate the length and diameter of nanoneedle crystals.

Transparent Polyimide Nanocomposite Films with Various Equi-biaxial Stretching Ratios (다양한 이축연신 비율에 따른 투명 폴리이미드 나노복합체 필름)

  • Kim, Young-Min;Chang, Jin-Hae
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.478-485
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    • 2012
  • A series of transparent polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films was synthesized from bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene (BAPB) with various organoclay contents via solution intercalation polymerization to poly(amic acid)s, followed by thermal imidization. Varying organoclay loading in a range of 0 to 1.5 wt% produced variations in the optical transparency, morphology, and oxygen barrier property of the hybrids. An optimum oxygen barrier property was observed for the hybrids containing 1.0 wt% Cloisite 30B; these properties were degraded gradually by further increases in the clay content. The PI hybrid films were found to exhibit excellent optical transparency and almost no color. However, the transparency of the hybrid films decreased slightly with increasing organoclay content. Transparent PI hybrid films containing 1.0 wt% Cloisite 30B were stretched equi-biaxially with various stretching ratios in a range of 100-140% to investigate their optical transparency and oxygen permeability in detail; the variations of clay dispersion and morphology were also determined as a function of equi-biaxial stretching ratio. PI hybrid films with ${\geq}120%$ stretching were found to contain homogeneously dispersed clay in the polymer matrix and exfoliated nanocomposites. The highest barrier to oxygen permeation was found at an equi-biaxial stretching ratio of 130%.

Preparation and Flame Retardancy of Poly(benzoxazole imide) Having Trifluoromethyl Group in the Main Chain (주사슬에 Trifluoromethyl 그룹을 갖는 Poly(benzoxazole imide)의 제조 및 난연 특성)

  • Yeom, Jin-Seok;Choi, Jae-Kon;Lee, Chang-Hoon
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.355-363
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    • 2012
  • A series of poly(hydroxyamide)s (PHAs) having trifluoromethyl group were prepared by direct polycondensation of aromatic diimide-dicarboxylic acids with 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane by thionyl chloride and triethyl amine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The PHAs exhibited inherent viscosity in the range of 0.54-0.96 dL/g at $35^{\circ}C$ in DMAc solution. All PHAs were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents, whereas the polybenzoxazoles (PBOs) were quite insoluble except partially soluble in sulfuric acid. PHAs were converted to PBOs by thermal cycling reaction with heat of endotherm. The maximum weight loss temperature of the PHAs occurred in the range of $559-567^{\circ}C$. The PBOs showed relatively high char yields in the range of 47-59%. Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) results of the PBOs showed 12-19 W/g heat release rate (HRR), and 2.7-3.6 kJ/g total heat release (total HR). The HRR of PBO 1 showed the lowest value of 12 W/g, which was 37% lower than that of PBO 3 (19 W/g).

Analysis Method for Non-Linear Finite Strain Consolidation for Soft Dredged Soil Deposit - Part II: Analysis Method and Craney Island Case Study (초연약 준설 매립지반의 비선형 유한변형 압밀해석기법 - Part II: 해석기법과 Craney Island 사례분석)

  • Choi, Hang-Seok;Kwak, Tae-Hoon;Lee, Chul-Ho;Lee, Dong-Seop;Stark, T.D.
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.27 no.11
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    • pp.5-15
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    • 2011
  • This paper presents two analysis methods for characterizing the non-linear finite strain consolidation behavior of highly deformable dredged soil deposits along with the fundamental parameters obtained in the companion paper; that is, the zero effective stress void ratio, the non-linear relationships of void ratio-effective stress and void ratio-hydraulic conductivity. The simplified Morris's analytical solution (2002) and the widely recognized numerical program, PSDDF (primary Consolidation, Secondary Compression, and Desiccation of Dredged Fill) for both single and double drainage conditions are adopted in this paper to verify a series of laboratory experiments for self-weight consolidation of the Incheon clay and Kaolinite. The comparisons show that the analysis methods proposed herein can properly simulate the long-term non-linear finite strain consolidation behavior for dredged soils in the field. In addition, a case study for the artificial Craney Island has been conducted to illustrate the importance of obtaining appropriate non-linear finite strain consolidation parameters and the applicability of PSDDF in promoting dredged soil disposal.

Reduction of NOx by CO on the Lanthanoid Perovskite-type Catalysts for Hot Gas Cleanup (고온 배가스 처리용 Lanthanoid계 Perovskite 형 촉매상에서 CO에 의한 NOx의 환원)

  • Lee, Jea-Keun;Lee, Jae-Hee;Lim, Jun-Heok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.169-178
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    • 2000
  • Perovskite oxide catalysts doped on porous alumina beads are prepared in a citric acid solution. To investigate the applicability of the catalysts to the hot gas cleanup, a series of experiments on the reduction characteristics of $NO_x$ by CO as a reducing agent are carried out in a packed bed reactor containing the catalysts. Parameters tested are the operating temperature and $CO/NO_x$ molar ratio. It is found that mixed complex oxides of $La_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}CoO_3$, $SrAl_{12}O_{19}$ and $LaAl_{11}O_{18}$ are uniformly distributed on the alumina beads. The conversion efficiency of $NO_x$ by CO sharply increases with the operating temperature up to $700^{\circ}C$ and then approaches 100% when $CO/NO_x$ molar ratio is greater than 1.0. The conversion efficiency of $NO_x$ is maintained by over 98% during a continuous operation for 23 hours at $800^{\circ}C$ and space velocity of $10700hr^{-1}$.

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A COMPARISON OF APICAL SEAL FOLLOWING "STEP-DOWN/BALANCED FORCE" AND "STEP-DOWN/STEP-BACK" ROOT CANAL SHAPING (Balanced Force와 Step-Back 근관성형후 치근단 폐쇄효과의 비교연구)

  • Lee, Yun-Hee;Kim, Jong-Hwa;Son, Ho-Hyun;Lee, Kwang-Won
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.780-788
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    • 1995
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the apical seal following root canal shaping by different methods. From fourty extracted mandibular 1st and 2nd molars, fourty mesial roots whose canals have some degree of curvature were selected. The mesiobuccal root portion including mesiobuccal portion of a crown was sectioned in each molar. After access cavity preparation for the mesiobuccal canal, working length was determined with # 10 K-file. The sectioned roots were implanted in acrylic resin block and randomly divided into four groups. The canals of group I were shaped by step-down/balanced force, group II by stepdown/step-back, group III by step-back and group IV by conventional method. All of the shaped canals were obturated by Thermafil method and access cavities were filled with IRM. The roots were removed from acrylic resin block and placed in 100 % humidity for 7days. Except the root surfaces of apical 2mm, the root surfaces were nail-varnished 3 times. After the roots were placed in 700 torr vacuum pressure for 15 minutes, they were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 4 days. Nail varnishes were removed with acetone. After that, the roots were decalcified in 5 % nitric acid and dehydrated with alcohol series. Transparent specimens were made by methyl salicylate and the quality of apical seal was assessed by measuring the leakage linearly. The results were as follows. 1. The leakage in canals shaped by step-down/balanced force method was significantly less than that in canals shaped by step-back method(P<0.05) and was less but not statistically than that in canals shaped by step-down/step-back method (P>0.05). 2. The leakage in canals shaped by step-down/step-back method was less than that in canals shaped by step-back method, but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). 3. The leakage in canals shaped by conventional method was significantly more than that in canals shaped by step-down/balanced force, step-down/step-back and step-back method (P<0.05).

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A Study on the Treatment of Wastewater from Ion Removal Process for Purifying Electrocoat Paint in the Bath by Use of Reverse Osmosis (역삼투압을 이용한 전착도료 정제공정폐수처리에 관한 연구)

  • 김진성
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 1998
  • To treat effectively EDIR (electrodeposition ion removal) wastewater in terms of CO$_{Mn}$ 1,500~2,000 ppm generated from aluminum painting process, a RO (reverse osmosis) process was designed and installed to recover and reuse the concentrated solvent sent back to the electrocodeposition tank while the permeate reused as rinse water. A RO system in which three polyamide-spiral wound modules ($102\Phi \times 1,016L$ mm) connnected in series had been running to treat 20 m$^3$ in waste volume in 3 days batch operation at the condition of system recovery of 30 %, applied pressure 11.5 $kg_f/cm^2$ and room temperature. During 42 hours continuous operation leading to 5-fold decrease in waste volume, nearly constant permeation flux of 390 l/m$^2$-hr was maintained and the permeate with average CO$_{Mn}$, 300 ppm was obtained which could be used for washing the remaining paint solution in ion-exchange tower instead of demineralized water. Also COD$_{Mn}$ rejection as a function of running time was observed to be in the range of 78~87 % and the observed solvent rejections for ethyl cellusolve, buthyl cellusolve and n-butanol were 79 %, 87 % and 70 %, respectively.

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Competitive Adsorption of Cd and Cu on Surface of Humic Acid Extracted from Peat (피트에서 추출한 부식산 표면에 대한 카드뮴과 구리의 경쟁 흡착)

  • Lim, Soo-Kil;Chung, Chang-Yoon;Ok, Yong-Sik;Kim, Jeong-Gyu
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.344-351
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    • 2002
  • Chemical speciation and transport of heavy metals in soil environment could be controlled by humic acid. In order to understand the mechanism on competitive adsorption of Cd and Cu on the surface of humic acid extracted from peat, the charge development of humic acid were investigate through a batch adsorption experiment with a series of different background electrolytes levels. The competitive adsorption of Cd and Cu to the humic acid were estimated according to the model using the proton binding constant obtained from the above batch test. The affinity of Cu to the carboxyl group on the humic acid was higher than that of Cd, but the affinity to the phenolic group was lower than to the carboxyl group. It seems that the amount of adsorbed Cd and Cu could be estimated using the proton binding constant obtained from a solution with single background ion. However, it is difficult to interpret the competitive adsorption of Cd and Cu with the constant for single background ion.