• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1159-1164
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• 2010

Several triterpenoid saponins from root of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai (Ranunculaceae) were studied and their biological activities were reported. It is difficult to analyze triterpenoid saponins using HPLC-UV due to the lack of chromophores. So, evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) is used as a valuable alternative to UV detection. More recently, a charged aerosol detection (CAD) has been developed to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of ELSD. In this study, we developed and validated a novel method of high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a charged aerosol detector for the simultaneous determination of four triterpenoid saponins: pulsatilloside E, pulsatilla saponin H, anemoside B4 and cussosaponin C. Analytes were separated by the Supelco Ascentis$^{(R)}$ Express C18 column (4.6 mm ${\times}$ 150 mm, 2.7 ${\mu}m$) with gradient elution of methanol and water at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at $30^{\circ}C$. We examined various factors that could affect the sensitivity of the detectors, including various concentrations of additives, the pH of the mobile phase, and the CAD range. Linear calibration curves were obtained within the concentration ranges of 2 - 200 ${\mu}g$/mL for pulsatilloside E, anemoside $B_4$ and cussosaponin C, and 5 - 500 ${\mu}g$/mL for pulsatilla saponin H with correlation coefficient ($R^2$) greater than 0.995. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.04 - 0.2 and 2 - 5 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. The validity of the developed HPLC-CAD method was confirmed by satisfactory values of linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision. This method could be successfully applied to quality evaluation, quality control and monitoring of Pulsatilla koreana.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.334-344
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• 1997

Inhibitory substance in the water extracts from lilac(Syringa vulgaris) leaves was determined in terms of the allelopathic chemicals. The water extracts from S. vulgaris leaves inhibited the germination and root growth of Digitaria sanguinalis and L. sativa, indicating that a biological substances are presented in the lilac leaves. The phenolic acids were separated and tentatively identified from S. vulgaris leaves by gas chromatography and there were composed of higher contents of p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, and catechol. Polyphenolic compounds such as rutin (5.3%), scopoletin (3.3%), kaempferol (2.9%), and other polyphenolic compotmds were detected from lilac leaves. The mixtures of $10^{-6}M$ of pyrogallol with all the concentrations of catechol had high inhibition of the shoot growth on D. sanguinalis and E. crus-galli regardless of the catechol concentrations.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1536-1542
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• 2020

Dekkera anomala YAE-1 strain separated from "airag" (Mongolian fermented mare's milk) produces β-glucosidase, which can convert ginsenoside Rb₁ from Panax ginseng. Ginseng- derived bioactive components such as ginsenoside Rb₁ have various immunological and anticancer activities. Airag was collected from five different mare milk farms located near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. YAE-1 strains were isolated from airag to examine the hydrolytic activities of β-glucosidase on Korean Panax ginseng using an API ZYM kit. Supernatants of selected cultures having β-glucosidase activity were examined for hydrolysis of the major ginsenoside Rb₁ at 40℃, pH 5.0. The YAE-1 strain was found to be nearly identical at 99.9% homology with Dekkera anomala DB-7B, and was thus named Dekkera anomala YAE-1. This strain exerted higher β-glucosidase activity than other enzymes. Reaction mixtures from Dekkera anomala YAE-1 showed great capacity for converting ginsenoside Rb₁ to ginsenoside Rd. The β-glucosidase produced by Dekkera anomala YAE-1 was able to hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb₁ and convert it to Rd during fermentation of the ginseng. The amount of ginsenoside Rd was highly increased from 0 to 1.404 mg/ml in fermented 20% ginseng root at 7 days.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.611-616
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• 2003

Korean ginseng(Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) known as a oriental miracle drug is an important medicinal plant. Ginseng has been used for geriatric, tonic, stomachic, and aphrodisiac treatments for thousands years. Also, it is an antibiotic and has therapeutic properties against stress and cancer. Ginseng is widely distributed all over the world. Among them, Korean mountain ginseng has the most valuable effect on pharmaceuticals. The roots of mountain ginseng contained several kinds of ginsenosides that have many active functions for the human body. However, the study of mountain ginseng has a limit because the mountain ginseng is very expensive and rare. So, we artificially cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots using the bioreactor culture system. We induced callus from original mountain ginseng, directly dug up in mountain and aged about one hundred ten years. Separated adventitious roots were precultured in 500ml conical flasks and then, transferred in 20L bioreactors. The adventitious roots of mountain ginseng were harvested after culturing for 40days, dried and then, extracted with several solvents. In this study, we investigated the whitening effect, anti-wrinkle effect and the safety of tissue cultured adventitious roots extract of mountain ginseng in order to identify the merit as a cosmetic ingredient. Particularly, extract of mountain ginseng adventitious roots showed whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. The inhibitory effect of this extract on the melanogenesis was examined using B-16 melanoma cell. When B-16 melanoma cells were cultured with adventitious root extract, there was a dramatically decrease in melanin contents of 8-16 melanoma cell. And we identified this extract inhibited Dopa auto-oxidation significantly. Also, when transformed mouse fibroblast L929 cells were treated with this extract, there was a significant increase in collagen synthesis. The results show significant inhibited melanization and wrinkle without inhibiting cell viability.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.159-166
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• 2017

The position of autonomous driving vehicle is basically acquired through the global positioning system (GPS). However, GPS signals cannot be received in tunnels. Due to this limitation, localization of autonomous driving vehicles can be made through sensors mounted on them. In particular, a 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system is used for longitudinal position error correction. Few feature points and structures that can be used for localization of vehicles are available in tunnels. Since lanes in the road are normally marked by solid line, it cannot be used to recognize a longitudinal position. In addition, only a small number of structures that are separated from the tunnel walls such as sign boards or jet fans are available. Thus, it is necessary to extract usable information from tunnels to recognize a longitudinal position. In this paper, fire hydrants and evacuation guide lights attached at both sides of tunnel walls were used to recognize a longitudinal position. These structures have highly distinctive reflectivity from the surrounding walls, which can be distinguished using LIDAR reflectivity data. Furthermore, reflectivity information of tunnel walls was fused with the road surface reflectivity map to generate a synthetic reflectivity map. When the synthetic reflectivity map was used, localization of vehicles was able through correlation matching with the local maps generated from the current LIDAR data. The experiments were conducted at an expressway including Maseong Tunnel (approximately 1.5 km long). The experiment results showed that the root mean square (RMS) position errors in lateral and longitudinal directions were 0.19 m and 0.35 m, respectively, exhibiting precise localization accuracy.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

Callus induction using leaf of purple sweetpotato (PSP) was decreased when subcultured. So we selected habituated callus in MS medium supplemented with $1{\mu}M\;2,4-D$ (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) after 6 months of cultures (without subculture). It grew faster and easier than any other callus. It was able to proliferate in MS hormone free solid and liquid medium without any growth regulators and subculture limits. During subculture in liquid medium, a purple mottled spot formed in one of habituated cell aggregates without any treatment. This purple cell aggregates were carefully separated from habituated cell aggregates, and then subcultured by selecting purple cell aggregates for more than 2 years to be isolated. The color value of the pigment extracted of culture was 1.0 mg/mL, which was close to that of a pigment extracted from storage root, which was 1.5 mg/mL. This purple cell aggregates could therefore be used for the industrial mass production of anthocyanin.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.167-182
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• 2014

Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is a well-known and one of the most important tonic herbs used in traditional Korean medicine. The pharmacological effects of P. ginseng have been reported by many researchers. Nevertheless, little is known between the mechanism of action and the active compounds. In this study, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis and protein categorization in order to understand the physiological characteristics of the major components in the adventitious roots of P. ginseng. Whole proteins extracted from the cultured adventitious roots of P. ginseng were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Among the 1000 spots which were detected by silver staining, 113 spots were labeled and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Our results showed that 40 proteins were identified among the 113 spots, with a hit ratio of 35.3%. A number of proteins identified on the 2-DE gels (30%; 16 spots) were involved in energy metabolism. These proteomic data will be helpful to better understand the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.126-126
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• 2017

Mitochondria are important in wheat, as in all crops, as the main source of ATP for cell maintenance and growth including vitamin synthesis, amino acid metabolism and photorespiration. To investigate the mitochondrial proteome of the roots of wheat seedlings, a systematic and targeted analysis were carried out on the mitochondrial proteome from 15 day-old wheat seedling root material. Mitochondria were isolated by Percoll gradient centrifugation; and extracted proteins were separated and analyzed by Tricine SDS-PAGE along with LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. From the isolated the sample, 184 proteins were identified which is composed of 140 proteins as mitochondria and 44 proteins as other subcellular proteins that are predicted by the freeware subcellular predictor. The identified proteins in mitochondria were functionally classified into 12 classes using the ProtFun 2.2 server based on biological processes. Proteins were shown to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis (17.1%), biosynthesis of cofactors (6.4%), cell envelope (11.4%), central intermediary metabolism (10%), energy metabolism (20%), fatty acid metabolism (0.7%), purines and pyrimidines (5.7%), regulatory functions (0.7%), replication and transcription (1.4%), translation (22.1%), transport and binding (1.4%), and unknown (2.8%). These results indicate that many of the protein components present and functions of identifying proteins are common to other profiles of mitochondrial proteins performed to date. This dataset provides the first extensive picture, to our knowledge, of mitochondrial proteins from wheat roots. Future research is required on quantitative analysis of the wheat mitochondrial proteomes at the spatial and developmental level.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.358-377
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for trajectory recovery. Our system uses a triangulation procedure for skeletonization and graph theory to extract the trajectory. Skeletonization extracts the polyline skeleton according to the polygonal contours of the handwritten characters, and as a result, the junction becomes clear and the characters that are touching each other are separated. The approach for the trajectory recovery is based on graph theory to find the optimal path in the graph that has the best representation of the trajectory. An undirected graph model consisting of one or more strokes is constructed from a polyline skeleton. By using the polyline skeleton, our approach accelerates the process to search for an optimal path. In order to evaluate the performance, we built our own dataset, which includes testing and ground-truth. The dataset consist of thousands of handwritten characters and word images, which are extracted from five handwritten documents. To show the relative advantage of our skeletonization method, we first compare the results against those from Zhang-Suen, a state-of-the-art skeletonization method. For the trajectory recovery, we conduct a comparison using the Root Means Square Error (RMSE) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) in order to measure the error between the ground truth and the real output. The comparison reveals that our approach has better performance for both the skeletonization stage and the trajectory recovery stage. Moreover, the processing time comparison proves that our system is faster than the existing systems.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.52-58
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• 2009

A gas turbine consists of an upstream compressor and a downstream turbine with a combustion chamber, and also the compressor and the turbine are generally coupled using a single shaft. Many casing bolts are used to assemble two horizontally separated casings, the gas turbine casing and the compressor casing, in both of axial and vertical directions. Because drilled holes for casing bolts in vertical direction are often too close to drilled holes for casing bolts in axial direction, one can observe cracks in the area frequently during operations of a gas turbine. In this study of the root cause analysis for the cracking initiating from the drilled holes of the casings of a gas turbine, the finite element analysis(FEA) was applied to evaluate the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the casings. By applying the field operation data recorded from combined cycle power plants for FEA, thermal and thermo-mechanical characteristics of a gas turbine are analyzed. The crack is initiated at the geometrical weak point, but it is found that the maximum stress is relieved when the same type of cracks is introduced on purpose during FEA. So, it is verified that the local fracture could be delayed by machining the same type of defects near the hole for casing flange bolts of the gas turbine, where the crack is initiated.