• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.37-52
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• 1992

Since the first sewage treatment plant was constructed in 1976, the sewerage systems of Korea have been rapidly expanded. As of the end of 1991, 22 sewage treatment plants with total capacity of 5.4 million tons/day are in operation which is equivalent of 3395 total daily sewage generation. Total extension of sewer 39.534 km in 1990 which is 55% of the target extension for the year 2001. However, the most sewage treatment plants employ activated sludge process which may not be suitable for medium and/or small scale plants. The poor existing sewer systems do not effectively collect and transport sewage to adversely affect the function of sewage treatment plant. To select the appropriate treatment system, the cities are classified into 3 categories such as large and medium size inland cities, small size cities and coastal cities. Considering the criteria suggested during this study, appropriate treatment processes were selected for each category. Conventional activated sludge process and step aeration process were found to be the most appropriate for big inland cities while biological nutrient removal processes should be considered for the cities discharge the effluent to lakes or reservoirs. RBC or Oxidation Ditch process might be appropriate for the medium size cities while several processes which do not require skilled operation and maintenance were suggested for the small cities. Ocean discharge after primary treatment can be considered for some east coast cities, Appropriate methodology to rehabilitate the existing sewers and strategy to convert combined sewer system to separate sewer system were proposed. This paper also include the appropriate management system for industrial wastewater, sludge and nightsoil.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.557-564
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• 2009

A combined sewer system can quickly drain both storm water and sewage, improve the living environment and resolve flood measures. A combined sewer system is much superior to separate sewer system in reduction of the non-point source pollutant load. However, during rainfall. it is impossible in time, space and economic terms to cope with the entire volume of storm water. A sewage system that exceeds the capacity of the sewer facilities drain into the river mixed with storm-water. In addition, high concentration of CSOs by first-flush increase pollution load and reduce treatment efficiency in sewage treatment plant. The aim of this study was to develope a processing unit for the removal of high CSOs concentrations in relation to water quality during rainfall events in a combined sewer. The most suitable operational design for processing facilities under various conditions was also determined. With a designed discharge of 19.89 m/min, the removal efficiency was good, without excessive overflow, but it was less effective in relation to underflow, and decreased with decreasing particle size and specific gravity. It was necessary to lessen radius of vortex separator for increasing inlet velocity in optimum range for efficient performance, and removal efficiency was considered to high because of rotation increases through enlargement of comparing height of vortex separator in diameter. By distribution of influent particle size, the actual turbulent flow and experimental results was a little different from the theoretical removal efficiency due to turbulent effect in device.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제22권B호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2002

Much of domestic city is served by combined sewer system rather than separate sanitary or storm sewers. During wet weather, when the volume of sanitary sewage and storm water entering the combined sewers exceeds the system capacity, the system is designed to overflow at several designated CSOs. The objective of this research is to have grasp of characteristics of combined sewer runoff and to evaluate efficiently the intercepted volume of CSOs. During the wet weather in first rainfall, SS load at each site H-1, H-2, and H-3 were 600kg/event, 370kg/event, and 289kg/event, SS load at each site in second rainfall were 216kg/event, 113kg/event, and 37.2kg/event. EMCs at each site were 702mg/L, 816mg/L, 861mg/L in first rainfall and 99.9mg/L, 161.9mg/L, 103.6mg/L in second rainfall, respectively. First flush coefficients b at each site were 0.237, 0.166, and 0.151.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.585-594
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• 2006

This study focused on the causes of fish kills and its prevention methods in Yudeung Stream, Daejeon, Korea. Intense field data, continuous water quality monitoring system and water quality modeling were applied to analyze the causes. Pollutant can be delivered to urban streams by surface runoff and combined sewer overflows in rainfall events. However, water quality analysis and water quality modeling results indicate that the abrupt fish kills in the Yudeung stream seems to be caused by combined effect of DO depletion, increase in turbidity and other toxic material. Excessive fish population in the study area may harm the aesthetic value of the stream and also has greater potential for massive fish kills. It is suggested to implement methods to reduce delivery of pollutants to the stream not only to prevent fish kills but also to keep balance of ecosystem including human uses. Frequent clean up of the urban surface and CSO, installation of detention basin will be helpful. In the long run, it seems combined sewer system has be replaced with separate sewer system for more effective pollutant removal in the urban area.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

우천시 합류식 하수도의 월류수(CSOs)에 의한 오염부하량을 감소하기 위한 대책으로 차집량의 결정은 매우 중요하다. 오염부하량 감소를 위한 대책으로 우수를 전량 차집하여 처리하는 것이 가장 바람직하겠으나, 시설의 규모와 기타 유지 관리면에서 합리적이지 않다. 본 연구에서는 배수구역의 유역형상, 면적, 강우시 차집량 등을 변화시키면서 이로 인해 변화하는 합류식 하수관거의 유랑과 수질 등을 분석하였으며, 계획차집량의 변동에 다른 CSOs의 영향을 파악함과 동시에 합류식과 분류식을 각각 비교해 봄으로서 하천에 방류되는 오염부하량의 정도를 비교해 보았다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.557-564
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to evaluate a criteria of intercepting capacity and a reduction goal of overflow pollution load in combined sewer system. In the current criteria of intercepting capacity in the domestic sewage facility standard, it is known that three times of peak sewage (Q) in dry period or runoff flow by 2mm/hr is not appropriate since the intercepted flow is estimated by runoff and show different result even in the same watershed. Though a reduction goal of overflow pollution load can be determined from 1) same level of storm-water runoff pollution load in separated storm sewer, 2) less than 5% sewage load in dry weather period, by the domestic sewage facility standard, the simulated results from storm-water model show large differences between two criteria. While it is predicted that sewage pollution load standard three time larger than separated storm sewer standard in high population density and urbanized area, it is shown that separate storm sewer standard larger than sewage pollution load standard in middle population density and developing area. Accordingly, it is proposed that more reasonable intercepting flow and reduction goal of overflows pollution load should be established to minimize discharging pollution load in combined sewer systems. For the purpose, a resonable standard has to be amended by pollution load balance considering the characteristics of a watershed for generation, collection, treatment, and discharging flow.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2021

유역으로부터 발생되는 강우유출수가 하수관거로 유입되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 별도의 우수전용관을 설치하는 것은 많은 비용이 수반되며 현장 시공여건에 따라 대단히 어려운 경우가 있다. 본 논문에서는 교통 및 도로 여건상 시공이 어려운 곳에 경제적인 접근방법으로 기존의 하수관거에 별도의 하수분리관을 설치하는 단순하면서 혁신적인 방안에 관한 연구결과를 제시하였다. 실험실 규모의 하수관거 실험장치를 통하여 얻은 결과에 따르면 기존의 관거를 하수 및 우수전용 공간으로 분리할 경우 관내유속을 증가시켜TSS, TCOD, TN, TP 퇴적율을 각각 74-88%, 79-90%, 75%, and 67-90%, 정도 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 3차원 수리유동 모의결과 하수분리관의 설치가 직선구간, 접속구간, 곡선 및 낙차구간에서 하수의 흐름 및 유속분포에 미치는 영향이 미미한 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 접속구간에 분리관을 설치할 경우 접속면 지역은 유입되는 강우유출수의 운동에너지에 의한 구조물 훼손을 방지하기 위하여 보강해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 곡선부에서 분리관은 곡선부의 안쪽보다는 외곽쪽에 설치하는 것이 구조적으로 안정 적인 것으로 분석된다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 폭 3 m 제원을 갖는 하수관거에는 약 0.4 m × 0.4 m 분리관 설치가 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate change in influent concentration of domestic wastewater flowed from a newly constructed separate sewer system (SSS) and biological nutrients removal efficiency of a full scale Air-vent sequential batch reactor (SBR, $600m^3/d$). The average concentration of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N and T-P from SSS were 246.5 mg/L, 231.6 mg/L, 42.974 mg/L, 5.360 mg/L, respectively which corresponds to 2.2times, 1.2times, 1.8times and 2.1times higher than those from the conventional combined sewer system (CSS). The removal efficiency of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N, and T-P for the Air-vent SBR operated with influent from SSS averaged 99.1%, 99.0%, 91.2%, and 93.5%, respectively. Especially the respective nitrogen and phosphorus removal was 15% greater than that of the SBR operated with influent from CSS. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was observed in an aerobic reactor(II) as a result of DO concentration gradient developed along the depth by the Air-vent system. In order to achieve T-N removal greater than 90%, the C/N ratio should be over 6.0 and the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and nitrogen loading rate be over 100 kg/day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$). Even with high influent T-P concentration of 5.360 mg/L from SSS (compared with 2.465 mg/L from CSS) T-P removal achieved 93.5% which was 15.5% higher than that of the SBR with influent from CSS. This is probably due to high influent $BOD_5$ concentration from SSS that could provide soluble carbon source to release phosphorus at anaerobic condition. In order to achieve T-P removal greater than 90%, the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and phosphorus loading rate should be over 100 kg /day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$).

• 지능정보연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.205-227
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• 2002

이 연구는 웹 기반 협동작업 시스템에서 지능적인 에이전트들을 이용하여 원격 회의의 소집을 자동화함으로써 여러 참여자들에게 보다 편리한 형태의 협동작업 환경을 지원해 주는 시스템에 대한 것이다 회의 일정을 잡는 작업을 자동화하는 것은 각 개인의 공적인 일정 뿐만 아니라 개인의 사정과 선호도 등에 대한 세심한 배려를 요구한다. 그러므로, 회의 소집 자동화는 신뢰성과 병렬성을 높이기 위해서 각 개인의 일정을 병렬적으로 별도 관리하는 작업을 지원하는 분산 처리 작업이 요구된다. 이 논문에서는 회의 소집에 들이는 시간과 노력을 최소로 줄여주는 다중 에이전트 시스템의 설계와 구현에 대하여 자세하게 소개한다. 이 시스템은 서버-를라이언트 모델에 기반하며, 서버 측에서는 스케줄 에이전트, 협상 에이전트, 개인정보 관리 에이전트, 그룹 정보 관리 에이전트, 세션관리 에이전트와 조정 에이전트가 활동한다. 클라이언트 측에서는 인터페이스 에이전트, 미디어 에이전트와 협동 에이전트가 활동한다. 이들 에이전트들은 통신은 표준화된 지식 표현 언어를 이용하여 통신하므로 분산 협동 처리를 위한 에이전트들 간의 통신에 있어 가장 큰 문제점인 이형질성을 극복할 수 있도록 해준다. 본 시스템의 회의소집 지원 에이전트들은 전진연결 알고리즘으로 추론하고 역전파 네트워크 알고리즘으로 학습하여 가장 많은 사람이 참여할 수 있는 날짜를 제안해줌으로써 회의 소집자가 회의 소집에 들이는 노력을 최소로 줄일 수 있게 해 준다.