• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.191-194
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• 2010

Treatments of severely incurved toenails cause anatomical changes and cosmetic problems, even though they provide adequate symptom relief. Incurved toenail patients treated with a K-D$^{(R)}$ (S&C Biotech, Seoul, South Korea) the new device for correcting curved nail deformity were investigated retrospectively. This study surveyed 12 patients(18 cases) who had been treated for severe ingrown toenails using K-D$^{(R)}$ from May 2008 to March 2009, and examined their subjective satisfaction before and after the treatment. The average age of the participants was 39 (ranging from 27 to 52), and 8 of them were male and 4 female. The treatment was applied after the patients were given a thorough explanation about the tool and the treatment, and questionnaire surveys were conducted before the treatment and after 3 months on the average from the treatment. In the survey, the respondents were asked about pain, restriction on activities, and the selection of shoes. For each item, symptoms with a given point were presented, and the respondents' scores were compared between the surveys before and after the treatment. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, pain increased from 14 out of 40 before the treatment to 39 after, activity restriction increased from 11 to 30, and shoe selection increased from 20 to 30. The average total score increased from 45 to 98, and this suggests a considerable enhancement in the patients' subjective satisfaction. The average period of the application of K-D$^{(R)}$ was $20.3{\pm}9.4$ days, and in all the cases, ingrown toenails were corrected within three weeks.

• Archives of design research
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• no.18
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• pp.153-162
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• 1996

underground space have many negative environmental clements which should be confirmed on location and line of action by the artificial signs. iccordingly, environmental graphics as visual language for popular signification-function have to be studied on sign theory of symbolic meanings. Ho\/ever, its usage has not only decorated by microscopiC appreciative eye but also lost its meanlllg as a visual language which was caused by the negligence of systematic management of the facility in charge Result of study, Visual environmental factors as a cause of behavioral attitude based on the study, which has been carefully considered as a communication of the visual language. Therefore, considering the underground environmental graphics as the: sign or the signification-function, It has to be studied on syntactic, semantic and pragmatic viewpoint. SpeCifically, to maKe the color and formation language a signification-function as a generalized connotation to the public, a distinctive classified Visual language must be applied.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.411-418
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• 2020

Background Excessive bleeding is one of the most severe complications of orthognathic surgery (OGS). This study investigated the associations of intraoperative blood loss and surgical time with the direction of maxillary movement. Methods This retrospective study involved patients who underwent OGS from October 2017 to February 2020. They were classified based on whether maxillary setback was performed into groups A1 and B1, respectively. Relative blood loss (RBL, %) was used as an indicator to compare intraoperative blood loss between the two groups. The surgical time of the two groups was also measured. Subsequently, the patients were reclassified based on whether posterior impaction of the maxilla was performed into groups A2 and B2, respectively. RBL and surgical time were measured in the two groups. Simple linear and multiple regression analyses were performed. P-values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results Eighteen patients were included. The RBL and surgical time for the groups were: A1, 13.15%±5.99% and 194.37±42.04 minutes; B1, 12.41%±1.89% and 196.50±46.07 minutes; A2, 13.94%±3.82% and 201.00±39.70 minutes; and B2, 9.61%±3.27% and 188.84±38.63 minutes, respectively. Only RBL showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (A2 and B2, P=0.04). Conclusions Unlike maxillary setback, posterior impaction of the maxilla showed a significant association with RBL during surgery. When performing posterior impaction of the maxilla, clinicians need to pay particular attention to surgery and postoperative care.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.792-796
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• 2006

Purpose: After exposure of fracture site, the proximal segment must be reduced to their preinjury position for open reduction of fractured mandibular condyle. We examined the use of inter-maxillary fixation screws or titanium screws tied with stainless steel wire to assist in positioning of proximal segment. Since it enables to make a relatively small preauricular incision by not disturbing the operative field like Moule pin, we can reduce the danger of injury to the facial nerve. Methods: A preauricular approach was used for exposure, reduction, and rigid fixation in 4 cases of mandibular condylar fractures. Inter-maxillary fixation screws or titanium screws tied with stainless steel wire were used to assist in aligning proximal segment. The joints were submitted to functional exercises and postoperative radiologic and clinical follow-ups were performed. Results: No facial nerve lesions were found in all 4 cases. Radiologic follow-up showed correct reduction and fixation in all 4 cases. Clinical follow-up showed an initial limitation, but normal morbility of the condyle was achieved within 4 months after the operation, with a maximum mouth opening of $34.1{\pm}5.2mm$ after 12 months. There found no occlusal disturbances, no trismus, no lateral deviations of the mandible. Conclusion: By using Inter-maxillary fixation screws tied with stainless steel wire, it was shown that reducing the proximal segment to their preinjury position is easy to perform and it enables us to make a minimal dissection below preauricular skin incision to avoid facial nerve injury.

• Archives of design research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for establishment of a desirable design promotion policy drive by research and analysis of recognition to design by consumers (including students) and designers and their level, merchandise evaluation evaluation and obstructing factors in revitalization of designs. To implement such purpose as referred to hereinabove, research was made by introduction of questionaires which were distributed to 500 persons of consumers group and 350 individuals of registered designers in Seoul, and for analysis of the data, density and percentage (%) were obtained by use of SAS Package and the dispersed analysis and correlationship were added for necessary parts. The result of study is summarized as follows; (l)The consumers remind the design as costume (21%) and molding (20%), and the designers remind it as creativity (27%) & molding (14%) respectively and the reminding of design by the two groups was indicated very simi lar. (p < 0.001) (2)As per the recogni tion of roles by the designers the research has highly indicated as contribution to improving living standards or development of economy & industry, and also indicated that it creates excessive consumption with sti$$\mu$ative manner. (3)The design reacts as an important parameter in selecting cri teria of merchandises and deciding factors for purchasing and also, in enhancement of competitive power of merchandise impact of design (2.36) was regarded very high. (4)The Korean-made home appliances in image is assessed as vulnerable than that of Japanese products, and the product designing level is also shown difference from advanced countries (1.36), but has indicated as somewhat better than those competitive nations (0.51) (5)The satisfaction to design policy of the Gov't is very low (1.69) and they recommended for new establishment of Policy undertaking department within the Gov't and indicated reasearch & development of design as the major issue. In regard to the above I'd like to emphasize the design industry $$\mu$t be dealt with the national level as a whole in order to promote thereof.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

This research aims to investigate evaluation framework of environmental formative works that are regulated by law in urban space, and to suggest the directions of improving the framework for better city environments. The concept of environmental formative works in urban space was identified and social situations and factors including visitors and the cognitive process of urban environments, were analyzed. This research suggests a new method based on the analysis of existing regulations and problems of environmental art or formative works. The public regulations and evaluation methods of the Korean major cities including Seoul, Daejeon, Busan and Gwangju, were examined on environmental formative works. The objective was to suggest an evaluation framework for creating human values of urban culture environment instead of focusing on the matters between the owner of the architecture and the artist of formative works. By identifying socio-cultural value of art decoration related regulations and improving the level of the public formative art evaluation scheme, this study helps addressing the administrative problems and constructing a conceptual framework of evaluation to improve urban culture environment for both human and environment.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.1 s.69
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• pp.33-44
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• 2007

It is a general survey and evaluation on the works of short lived 'KHDC', the first design promotion institution established in Korea in 1957 by Americans and supported by the US government. The chapter 1 summarizes the achievements of Arkon Office in the USA. Chapter 2 introduces the process of the establishment, organization and function of KHDC. In Chapter 3, the KHDC's activities are examined on the basis of the research on specific contents of Handcrafts projects, light industry projects, exhibitions, field trips, local industry support activities, education programs, and press releases, etc. in Korea. In Chapter 4, KHDC's general accomplishments as well as the results and products developed by handicraft projects and light industry projects are examined. In chapter 5, the results and influences to Korean design development are examined and evaluated.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of green tea extract (GTE) on arterial blood pressure and contractile responses of isolated aortic strips of the normotensive rats and to establish the mechanism of action. The phenylephrine ($10^{-6}~10^{-5}M$)-induced contractile responses were greatly inhibited in the presence of GTE (0.3~1.2 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent fashion. Also, high potassium ($3.5{\times}10^{-2}~5.6{\times}10^{-2}{\;}M$)-induced contractile responses were depressed in the presence of 0.6~1.2 mg/mL of GTE, but not affected in low concentration of GTE (0.3 mg/mL). However, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, $4~12{\;}{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect the contractile responses evoked by phenylephrine and high $K^+$. GTE (5~20 mg/kg) given into a femoral vein of the normotensive rat produced a dose-dependent depressor response, which is transient. Interestingly, the infusion of a moderate dose of GTE (10 mg/kg/30 min) made a significant reduction in pressor responses induced by intravenous norepinephrine. However, EGCG (1 mg/kg/30 min) did not affect them. Collectively, these results obtained from the present study demonstrate that intravenous GTE causes a dose-dependent depressor action in the anesthetized rat at least partly through the blockade of adrenergic $\alpha_1$-receptors. GTE also causes the relaxation in the isolated aortic strips of the rat via the blockade of adrenergic $\alpha_1$-receptors, in addition to the unknown direct mechanism. It seems that there is a big difference in the vascular effect between GTE and EGCG.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2005

Bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis flower using DPPH assay has led to the isolation of three anthraquinones and three flavonoids. Their structures were identified as emodin (1), emodin-8-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (2), physcion-8-O-$\beta$-D­glucopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-$\alpha$-L-arabinofuranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyra­noside (5), and quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranoside (6) by comparing their physicochemical and spectral data with those published in literatures. All isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activities with free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging and $Cu^{2+}$-mediated low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation assay. The results demonstrated that three flavonoids, 4, 5, and 6 had remarkable antioxidant activities with the $IC_{50}$ values of 64.3, 54.7, and 46.2${\mu}M$ (DPPH scavenging), the $IC_{50}$ values of 6.0, 6.7, and $4.4{\mu}M$ (superoxide radical scavenging) and the $IC_{50}$ values of 3.8, 3.2, and 5.4${\mu}M$ against LDL oxidation, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2005

Seven diterpenes, four polyacetylenes, a lipid glycerol, and two sterols were isolated from the methylene chloride fraction of the root of Aralia cordata. Their chemical structures were determined as (-)-pimara-8(14), 15-dien-19-oic acid (2), pimaric acid (3), (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (4), 17-hydroxy-ent-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid (9), $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-(-)-pimara-8(14), 15-dien-19-oic acid (10), $16\alpha$, 17 -dihydroxy-(-)-kauran-19-oic acid (11), 16-hydroxy-17-isovaleroyloxy-ent-kauran-19­oic acid (12), falcarindiol (5), dehydrofalcarindiol (6), dehydrofalcarindiol-8-acetate (7), falcarin­diol-8-acetate (8), alpha-mono palmitin (13), stigmasterol (1), and daucosterol (14) by the spectral evidences. These compounds were tested with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition assays. This study found that compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 inhibited COX-1 dependent conversion of the exogenous arachidonic acid to $PGE_2$ in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of $134.2{\mu}M$, $121.6{\mu}M$, $170{\mu}M$, $50.4{\mu}M$, $11.7{\mu}M$, $99.6{\mu}M$, and $69.6{\mu}M$, respectively. But, most of these compounds weakly inhibited COX-2 dependent $PGE_2$ generation. Among them, only compound 4 showed relatively significant inhibitory activity $(IC_{50}\;:\;127.6{\mu}M)$.