• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.224-234
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation structure of Zone 2 of Mudeungsan National Park Old Trail. A total of 60 survey plots were installed to survey the forest structure, and TWINSPAN and DCA analysis classified them into 5 communities. The community I was classified into Deciduous broad-leaf tree, II into Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, III into Quercus serrata, IV into Lindera erythrocarpa, and V into Quercus mongolica. The grouped communities showed some differences in species compositions according to elevation. In the four communities except for community IV, Styrax japonicus and Sasa borealis formed a dominant population in understory layers and in shrub layers, respectively, and the current community forms are expected to be maintained. Monitoring of vegetation succession of lower vegetation after temporary flowering and withering in the ridges developed in the shrub layers in communities II through IV is required. In the long-term aspect, the competition between the pine tree and oak tree communities requires observation of a decrease in the power of the pine tree community. Mudeungsan National Park's Old Trail ecologically valuable as it has a vegetation structure that is distinctively classified according to altitude and is a habitat of Lindera sericea, the flagship species of Mudeungsan National Park. It means that the excellent forest ecosystem of Old Trail must be conserved through sustainable utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs and thereby, provide for some effective measures to manage them. For this purpose, 3 study points were set up: "wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs", "differences of such consciousness depending on their demographic variables" and the "relationship between such consciousness and their needs". To this end, Upo Wetland visitors were surveyed for an empirical analysis. The visitors' awareness about ecology was measured with Dunlap's 15-item NEP Inventory, while their needs were analyzed in reference to Maslow's 7-Step Human Desire Ladder. The survey was conducted at Upo Wetland for 3 days, and as a result, a total of 228 questionnaires were returned. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, the visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs were higher than the normal level. In terms of their consciousness of ecology, their awareness of the ecological crisis potential and anti-humanism was highest. In terms of their needs, the aesthetic need was highest, followed by the cognitive one. On the other hand, the needs for self-achievement and self-esteem were lowest; except them, the higher the needs were positioned at Maslow's ladder of desire, and subjects were more responsive to them. As a result of analyzing the correlation between the subjects' consciousness of ecology and their needs, it was found that the correlation was negative in some sub-areas, while being positive in other sub-areas. After all, the ratio of the sub-areas having a positive correlation was as 3 times high as that of the sub-areas having a negative correlation. Even as for the correlation coefficient values, they were higher in the positive sub-areas, which suggests that the correlation between wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs were positive, although at a lower level, in overall terms. As a result of comparatively analyzing visitors' needs by dividing them into 3 sub-groups depending on the levels of their consciousness of ecology, it was found that the higher their consciousness of ecology was, their needs were higher. Overall, wetland visitors' awareness of ecology was higher than the normal level, and it was estimated that such awareness would continue to increase. Hence, it could be inferred that their needs, particularly, their aesthetic and cognitive ones would continue to increase, too. Accordingly, it is deemed important to manage the wetland landscape making use of its visual resources, while continuing to provide the visitors with the contents fulfilling their need for knowledge.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.41 no.11
• /
• pp.310-317
• /
• 2017

Background: Many studies about climate-related range shift of plants have focused on understanding the relationship between climatic factors and plant distributions. However, consideration of adaptation factors, such as dispersal and plant physiological processes, is necessary for a more accurate prediction. This study predicted the future distribution of marlberry (Ardisia japonica), a warm-adapted evergreen broadleaved shrub, under climate change in relation to the dispersal ability that is determined by elapsed time for the first seed production. Results: We introduced climate change data under four representative concentration pathway (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios from five different global circulation models (GCMs) to simulate the future distributions (2041~2060) of marlberry. Using these 20 different climate data, ensemble forecasts were produced by averaging the future distributions of marlberry in order to minimize the model uncertainties. Then, a dispersal-limited function was applied to the ensemble forecast in order to exam the impact of dispersal capacity on future marlberry distributions. In the dispersal-limited function, elapsed time for the first seed production and possible dispersal distances define the dispersal capacity. The results showed that the current suitable habitats of marlberry expanded toward central coast and southern inland area from the current southern and mid-eastern coast area in Korea. However, given the dispersal-limited function, this experiment showed lower expansions to the central coast area and southern inland area. Conclusions: This study well explains the importance of dispersal capacity in the prediction of future marlberry distribution and can be used as basic information in understanding the climate change effects on the future distributions of Ardisia japonica.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.19-47
• /
• 2012

Contemporary smartphone competition is generally described as the battle between Apple's proprietary platform and Google's open platform. However, this competition is not limited within smartphone adoption itself. User's pre-adoption of one mobile platform via smartphone can be connected to the post-adoption of the same mobile platform based on the other smart devices (e.g. smart pad). In this study, we investigate whether user's preference to a certain platform is persistent over mobile ecology, from the pre-adoption of one smart device to the post-adoption of following devices. For this investigation, we adopt the dual-model as the ground theory, where post-adoption of IT product is explained by both dedication and constraint factors. The empirical testing first evidences that dual model works well as our research model for identifying the reasons of post-adoption. Next, we group our data into two parts in order to compare the switching behavior of iPhone users and Android phone users. iPhone users show much lower switching rate to Android based smart pads, while Android phone users show higher churn rate to iPad (49.3% : 96.3%). Especially, satisfaction showed much stronger effect than switching cost on the continuing intention of existing platform, when the analysis is given to the iPhone user's group. From this result, we can conjecture the relatively stronger loyalty of iPhone users. More managerial implications on the mobile platform strategy are driven.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.244-251
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of cellulose and pectin on glucose and plasma lipid concentrations in healthy women. Eight female collage students were participated voluntarily. All subjects received a fiber-free control diet (CD), cellulose diet (CED), pectin diet (PTD) with each diet for a period of three days with a 4 day interval. The food intake of subjects were monitored every day and plasma level of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol were determined at last day. Blood glucose, plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol were measured at fasting state and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minute after consuming each diet. Plasma glucose concentrations (AUC: Area Under the Curve) of pectin diet was $122.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl$ and that of cellulose diet was $147.6{\pm}8.4mg/d$, but they were significantly lower than in comparison with those of control diet ($197.1{\pm}11.6mg/dl$) (p<0.05) Plasma triglyceride concentrations of the CED ($-83.9{\pm}22.2mg/dl$) PTD ($-9.7{\pm}26.1mg/dl$) showed gradual decrease after each test diet feeding but not significantly different in each dietary fiber added diet (p<0.05). Plasma cholesterol concentrations of the CD was not significantly different in PTD, but PTD was significantly lower than the CED until 3 hours after consuming each test meal (p<0.05). In conclusion, in spite of total cholesterol was reduced only by pectin, glucose and triglyceride were lower than control diet in dietary fiber intake. But there were no significant differences each dietary fiber.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 2010

Dietary lipid biomarkers (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols) in adult specimens were analyzed to compare and understand the feeding ecology of the euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, from three geographically and environmentally diverse Korean waters (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea). Total lipid content of E. pacifica from Korean waters was about 10% dry weight (DW) with a dominance of phospholipids (>46.9% of total lipid content), which are known as membrane components. A saturated fatty acid, C16:0, a monounsaturated fatty acid, C18:1(n-9), and two polyunsaturated fatty acids, C20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), were most abundant (>60% of total fatty acids) in the fatty acid composition. Some of the fatty acids showed slight differences among regions although no significant compositional changes of fatty acids were detected between these regions. Phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected all samples. Trace amounts of various fatty alcohols were also detected in E. pacifica. Specifically, krill from the Yellow Sea showed relatively high amounts of longchain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1 and 22:1), generally found in herbivorous copepods. Three different kinds of sterols were detected in E. pacifica. The most dominant of these sterols was cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of herbivory in E. pacifica from the Yellow Sea and East Sea (mainly feeding on dinoflagellates and diatoms, respectively). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of carnivory or omnivory in E. pacifica from the East China Sea, mainly feeding on microzooplankton such as protozoa. In conclusion, lipid biomarkers provide useful information about krill feeding type. However, further analyses and experiments (i.e. gut content analysis, in situ grazing experiment, etc.) are needed to better understand the feeding ecology of E. pacifica in various marine environments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to develop n convenient and efficient granular type absorbent with high CEC from powdery zeolite, which is a waste produced while crushing the natural zeolite of Korea to get a particular particle size. The change of mineralogical characteristics during hydrothermal alternation of natural zeolite to Na-P zeolite in alkaline solution at various reaction times was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and total elemental analysis. The columnar aggregate of Na-P Zeolite was produced by calcinating the natural zeolite-charcoal extrudates of about 3 mm diameter. In 24 hours reaction, clinoptillonite, mordenite and feldspar in natural zeolite were disappeared by 3 N NaOH treatment, while Na-P Zeolite with spherical granular structure was newly detected by XRD. As increasing reaction time, Si/Al ratio in remaining solution was deceased. The CEC of the synthesized material increased more than 2 times compared with that of natural zeolite, although the diameter of Na-P zeolite were rather increased.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.457-467
• /
• 2006

The following research compares two mostly-used apparel systems that are used in colleges of Korea, Gerber and PAD, by analyzing advantages and disadvantages of their Dart, Tuck and Pleats-related functions in pattern construction process. The results are the following: First, regarding transformation methods, Gerber system was able to use pivot method, while PAD system was able to use both pivot and slash method. As for movement, distribution, synthesis, folding, producing additional Dart function, the PAD system was not able to synthesize more than two Darts, and only showed differences for other functions. On the other hand, the diamond-shape Dart and diagonal Dart can be produced only in PAD system, while none of curvy shaped Dart can be produced in both systems. Second, as for pattern outer line connection capability, which is a Dart automatic transformation function, both systems showed unnatural shapes and need for correction. Third, when constructing according to the type of Tuck, we could distribute multiple Darts at a time with PAD system, while with Gerber system, distribution into multiple Darts at a time was impossible at all. Fourth, when constructing according to the contour of Pleats, Gerber system made it possible to make construction of multiple lines and box/inverted Pleats with just one order, but PAD system required repetitive tasks, which remains room for enhancement in regard to such inefficiency.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.240-244
• /
• 2004

The objective of this research was to develop the adsorbent far heavy metals by activating the bark sample. Barks from pine tree with diameters of $2{\sim}4\;mm$ were activated in the muffle furnace under a high relative humidity condition at temperatures of $600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$. The removal efficiency of the activated bark (ACTBARK) for Cu and Cd was temperature dependent showing the order of $900^{\circ}C$ > $800^{\circ}C$ > $700^{\circ}C$ > $600^{\circ}C$. The critical temperature was considered to be $900^{\circ}C$ to become an efficient adsorbent for Cu and Cd. The bark samples activated at temperatures lower than $700^{\circ}C$ showed a less removal efficiency than the crude bark. The ACTBARK activated at $900^{\circ}C$ removed more Cu and Cd from solution than the commercial activated carbon and charcoal. The ACTBARK (activated at $900^{\circ}C$) adsorbed all of the Cu and Cd in solution with concentrations less than 150 mg/L. The selectivity of the ACTBARK was in the order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Fe > Cd > Mn.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.459-465
• /
• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECFTIVES: The effect of St. John's Wort extract (SJW) on MG-63 cell proliferation and trabecular bone loss induced by ovariectomy was examined. MATERIALS/METHODS: Proliferation, expression of estrogen receptor (ER) ${\alpha}$ and ER ${\beta}$, and gene expressions of osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined in MG-63 cells treated with or without SJW. Ovariectomized rats were treated with SJW at the dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg/day, ${\beta}$-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2), or vehicle only (OVX-C), and sham operated rats were treated with vehicle only (Sham-C). Serum ALP and C-telopeptide (CTX), and femoral trabecular bone loss were examined. RESULTS: SJW increased MG-63 cell proliferation and expression of ER ${\alpha}$ and ER ${\beta}$, and positive effect was shown on gene expressions of ALP, OC and OPG. SJW also showed estrogen like effect on bone associated with slowing down in trabecular bone loss. Histopathology by H&E showed rats treated with SJW displayed denser structure in metaphyseal region of distal femur compared with rats in OVX-C. SJW was shown to reduce serum CTX in OVX rats. CONCLUSION: The present study provides new insight in preventing estrogen deficiency induced bone loss of SJW and possibility for its application in bone health supplement.