• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.559-563
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• 2015

Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) is a Japanese X-ray all-sky surveyer mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). It has been scanning the whole sky since 2009 during every 92-minute ISS rotation. X-ray transients are quickly found by the real-time nova-search program. As a result, MAXI has issued 133 Astronomer's Telegrams and 44 Gamma-ray burst Coordinated Networks so far. MAXI has discovered six new black holes (BH) in 4.5 years. Long-term behaviors of the MAXI BHs can be classified into two types by their outbursts; a fast-rise exponential-decay type and a fast-rise flat-top one. The slit camera is suitable for accumulating data over a long time. MAXI issued a 37-month catalog containing 500 sources above a ~0.6 mCrab detection limit at 4-10 keV in the region ${\mid}{b}{\mid}$ > $10^{\circ}$. The SSC instrument utilizing an X-ray CCD has detected diffuse soft X-rays extending over a large solid angle, such as the Cygnus super bubble. MAXI/SSC has also detcted a Ne emission line from the rapid soft X-ray nova MAXI J0158-744. The overall shapes of outbursts in Be X-ray binaries (BeXRB) are precisely observed with MAXI/GSC. BeXRB have two kinds of outbursts, a normal outburst and a giant one. The peak dates of the subsequent giant outbursts of A0535+26 repeated with a different period than the orbital one. The Be stellar disk is considered to either have a precession motion or a distorted shape. The long-term behaviors of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) containing weakly magnetized neutron stars are investigated. Transient LMXBs (Aql X-1 and 4U 1608-52) repeated outbursts every 200-1000 days, which is understood by the limit-cycle of hydrogen ionization states in the outer accretion disk. A third state (very dim state) in Aql X-1 and 4U 1608-52 was interpreted as the propeller effect in the unified picture of LMXB. Cir X-1 is a peculiar source in the sense that its long-term behavior is not like typical LMXBs. The luminosity sometimes decreases suddenly at periastron. It might be explained by the stripping of the outer accretion disk by a clumpy stellar wind. MAXI observed 64 large flares from 22 active stars (RS CVns, dMe stars, Argol types, young stellar objects) over 4 years. The total energies are $10^{34}-10^{36}$ erg $s^{-1}$. Since MAXI can measure the spectrum (temperature and emission measure), we can estimate the size of the plasma and the magnetic fields. The size sometimes exceeds the size of the star. The magnetic field is in the range of 10-100 gauss, which is a typical value for solar flares.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 하이데거의 '현존재(Da-Sein)'로서 인간관이 학교교육목표 설정에 주는 함의를 탐구하였다. 서구의 전통적 인간관은 이성적 인간관이다. 흄은 이미 자신의 독특한 인간관인 정념론을 통해 이성적 인간관을 비판하였다. 그러나 흄의 정서적 인간관은 이성적 인간관과 마찬가지로 기능적 인간관의 한계를 벗어나지 못했다. 반면, 하이데거는 실존적 인간론을 통해 기능적 인간관을 극복하고자 하였으며, '현존재'라는 새로운 개념을 제시하였다. '현존재'는 인간이라는 용어에 담긴 '이성적 동물'이라는 선입견을 해체하고자 하이데거가 창조한 인간을 대체한 용어이다. '현존재'는 실존성, 각자성, '세계-내-존재'라는 세 가지 성격을 갖는다. '현존재'의 세 가지 성격은 다음과 같이 학교교육목표 설정에 시사점을 준다. 첫째, 학교교육목표는 학생들이 자아를 지속적으로 발견해 나갈 수 있는 의미를 가진 용어로 진술되어야 한다. 둘째, 학교교육목표는 학생들이 다양한 방식으로 구현할 수 있어야 한다. 셋째, 학교교육목표는 학생들이 공유할 수 있는 보편성을 내재해야 한다. 현재 일부 학교에서 이루어지는 학생의 행복을 중심에 두고 고려된 학교교육목표의 변화는 '현존재'의 의미와 관련된 측면이 있다. 하이데거의 '현존재'에 기반한 학교교육목표의 설정은 인간의 진정한 존재 특성을 고려하는 교육으로의 지평을 열어줄 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제34권5_6호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2007

기존의 공정 스케줄링 방법들 중 GPS(generalized processor sharing)는 순간적 관점에서의 공정성을 추구하는 반면에, virtual clock은 장기적 관점에서의 공정성을 추구하는 특성을 지닌다. 이 논문에서는 이들의 차이가 과거의 서비스 정보를 추후의 스케줄링에 반영하는 정도에 있음에 주목하고, GPS와 virtual clock을 포괄하는 스펙트럼 형태의 스케줄링 모델을 제시한다. 이 모델에서 각 응용의 자원 획득 권한은 예치권한이라는 값으로 표현되는데, 예치권한은 각 응용별로 미리 정해진 고유한 비율로 계속 증가하며, 서비스를 받으면 소비된다. 소비되지 않고 누적된 예치권한은 과거에 서비스가 이루어지지 않은 정도를 표현하는 값이라고 볼 수 있으며, 이는 응용의 스케줄링 가능성을 높이므로 이후의 서비스 지연시간을 상대적으로 단축하는 효과를 낸다. 예치권한을 주기적으로 감쇄시키면 과거 정보의 반영 정도를 줄일 수 있으며, 이 때 그 감쇄 정도는 과거행태를 반영하는 정도를 의미한다. 과거의 정보를 전혀 반영하지 않을 경우 GPS의 특성을 나타내게 되며, 모두 반영할 경우 virtual clock의 특성을 보이게 된다. 이러한 스펙트럼 상에서는 평균지연시간과 장기적 공정성 사이에 절충 관계가 존재한다. 이 논문에서는 제시된 모델의 특성을 분석하고 실험을 통해 검증한다.

• 과학기술학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.87-112
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• 2020

우리나라는 2000년대부터 과학기술인력을 육성하기 위해 많은 노력을 기울여왔다. 과학기술인력을 확보하고, 역량 강화를 위해 2004년 「국가과학기술 경쟁력강화를 위한 이공계 지원특별법」이 제정되어 운영되고 있다. 이를 근거로 인력 육성 및 지원기본계획이 수립되어 집행되고 있으며, 여러 관련 법들이 본 법을 타법 준용하고 있다. 그런데 이 법령에서 사용하고 있는 '이공계 인력'이라는 용어가 적절한가에 대한 논란이 발생하고 있다. 이에 '이공계 인력'개념을 포괄성, 일관성, 상호연관성의 관점에서 비판적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 타법에 연계된 근거로서 많이 활용되고 있기 때문에 상호연관성은 높은 편이라고 할 수 있으나, 포괄성, 일관성은 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 최근에는 이공계 인력뿐만아니라, 이공계 학문을 전공하지 않았더라도 과학기술분야와 관계된 직종에 종사하는 경우가 많으며, 앞으로 이러한 경향은 더 커질 것이다. 앞으로 사회적 변화와 현실을 고려하여 '이공계 인력'에 대한 법적 용어를 '과학기술인'으로의 포괄적인 범위로 확대하는 등의 정책적 변화가 필요하다.

• 기록학연구
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• 제21호
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• pp.117-167
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• 2009

국회의원의 활동은 조직적 활동인 동시에 개인적 활동의 측면을 갖는다. 국회의원과 그들을 보좌하는 직원들이 수행하는 활동은 대한민국 입법부의 주요 업무 수행의 근원이자 당대의 정치사와 정당사, 의원의 출신 지역사 등에 영향을 미치는 중요한 공적 업무가 되는 한편, 4년의 임기 종료 후 재선출되기 위해 임기 중의 업적을 유권자들에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위한 사적 이해에 따른 업무 수행이 병행되는 특징이 있다. 국회의원 조직은 이와 같은 업무 수행과정에서 다양한 유형의 기록을 생산하게 되는데, 국회의원으로서의 공적업무 수행결과물인 공공기록의 관점에서 뿐만 아니라 개인의 입장에서도 자신의 정치철학과 정책방향, 그리고 임기 중의 업적, 인간적 면모 등을 입증할 수 있는 개인기록의 정리를 통하여 자신의 정체성을 만들어갈 수 있으며, 이를 유권자들에게 제공함으로써 객관적이고 신뢰성 있는 이미지 부각이 가능할 수 있다는 점에서 한층 더 중요한 가치와 의미가 확보될 수 있다. 본 연구는 국회의원과 보좌직원들이 기록관리를 잘하는 것이 내부 업무 효율화에 도움이 되며, 국회의원 자신의 개인적인 이익에 도움이 될 수 있다는 점을 강조함과 동시에 내부 효율화의 관점과 개인기록 관리의 필요성에 맞춰 생산 기록목록의 도출과 선별에 이르는 절차와 방법을 제시함으로써 실무적 도움을 주는데 목적을 두었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제78권
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• pp.1-29
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• 2018

This article demonstrates that both the Warsaw Convention Systemand the Montreal Convention are not designed for multimodal transport, let alone for "Door to Door" transport. The polemic directed against the "Door to Door" application of the Warsaw Convention systemand the Montreal Convention is predominantly driven by the text and the drafting philosophy of the said Contentions that since 1929 support unimodalism-with the rule that "the period of the carriage by air does not expend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland waterway performed outside an airport" playing a profound role in restricting their multimodal aspirations. The drafters of the Montreal Convention were more adventurous than their predecessors with respect to the boundaries of the Montreal Convention. They amended Art. 18(3) by removing the phrase "whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever", however, they retained the first sentence of Art. 18(4). The deletion of the airport limitation fromArt. 18(3) creates its own paradox. The carrier can be held liable under the Montreal Convention for the loss or damage to cargo while it is in its charge in a warehouse outside an airport. Yet, damage or loss of the same cargo that occurs during its surface transportation to the aforementioned warehouse and vice versa is not covered by the Montreal Convention fromthe moment the cargo crosses the airport's perimeter. Surely, this result could not have been the intention of its drafters: it certainly does not make any commercial sense. I think that a better solution to the paradox is to apply the "functional interpretation" of the term"airport". This would retain the integrity of the text of the Montreal Convention, make sense of the change in the wording of Art. 18(3), and nevertheless retain the Convention's unimodal philosophy. English courts so far remain loyal to the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Quantum, which constitutes bad news for the supporters of the multimodal scope of the Montreal Convention. According the US cases, any losses occurring during Door to Door transportation under an air waybill which involves a dominant air segment are subject to the international air law conventions. Any domestic rules that might be applicable to the road segment are blatantly overlooked. Undoubtedly, the approach of the US makes commercial. But this policy decision by arguing that the intention of the drafters of the Warsaw Convention was to cover Door to Door transportation is mistaken. Any expansion to multimodal transport would require an amendment to the Montreal Convention, Arts 18 and 38, one that is not in the plans for the foreseeable future. Yet there is no doubt that air carriers and freight forwarders will continue to push hard for such expansion, especially in the USA, where courts are more accommodating.

• 교육시설
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1994

This study was taken to increase efficiency in reviewing documents of school facilities from the network of ERIV(Educational Resources and Information Center, USA). Outline of the ERIC network, and the structure, role, function of the ERIC thesaurus are introduced. A thesaurus have developed for information retrieval purpose provides the filing labels which permit information to be stored by one person and retrieved by another. As an information system grows, its thesaurus is systematically built and refined to the point where it represents, in a very special sense, the vocabulary of subject field. The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors represents such a vocabulary for the field education. An understanding of its origins, its function and its limitations, is just as important to the teacher, the student of education or the educational researcher as it is for the indexer or custodian of the information pool it represents. If the Thesaurus is understood and used in an appropriate way, it can give all educators not only insight into the ERIC system but also an increased awareness of the language of their field. A great many terms are necessary to describe the many aspects of education, and the task of relating them in even an approximately consistent way is an enormous one. The undertaking should be managed by people who not only know what they are talking about but who also should be able to predict what people in their field are lilely to be talking about in the near future. It should also enlist people who are willing to pay term to another within the system. To engage a large number of these two kinds of people over a long period of time is very likely to cost a great deal of money. There is very little proprietary value in producing such a list of terms, for it can very easily be copied, adapted, updated, etc. Thus, because of its high cost and low proprietary value, it becomes a task likely to be funded only by a government. A government has many ways of spending its money. However, after the decision has been made to spend money to produce an authority list, one must decide how this authority is to be delegated. The history of the development of the ERIC Thesaurus is the history of how this authority was delegated. Scientific research has thrived on efforts to define terms as precisely as possible. It is difficult to say with certainty, however, that solutions to social problems have thrived on a simple diet of scientific research. Contemporary crises demand new and imaginative ways of conceiving problems and talking about them. If this Thesaurus or any other scheme for normalizing or controlling language inhibits in the slightest measure the creative use of language, it is against it use. Only if the principles and details of the Thesaurus are misunderstood can it be used as a constraint on language in a negative sense. Students of education of every kind should see the The-saurus as an opportunity to become increasingly self-conscious about their language and thus about their assumptions and their approaches to educational problems.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2022

This thesis investigates the meaning of a performer's energy taking into an account of the full bodily engagement as the flow of energy and/or psychophysical readiness focusing specifically on the significance of qualitative bodily transformation. In this contemporary era, the dominance of performer training and its approaches to acting/training has very frequently meant that how to play a character in a textual based approach by emphasizing on interpreting and impersonating the role as real as possible. In this sense, as a performer trainer, from my observation and research findings shows that it is common for the term energy is not to be motivated by what a performer's body needs within a specific moment in specific performance which they are working on. To address the problematic issues, this thesis begins by interrogating the practical meaning of transformation with addressing the principle and process of movement by means of the flow of energy on stage. For a performer, inhabiting/integrating his/her body and mind as oneness and/or unity means s/he sincerely encounter, confront, and therefore listen to his/her body in here and now. Because since the performer's physical appearance completely defined his/her psychological state, no one can play either the past or the future in the moment. In this manner, an appropriate use of energy synonymous with the flow of energy correspondence with the given time and space in which the performer's body informs and initiates movement as necessary action. To be precise, the performer's bodily movement either visible or invisible in a sense of training and rehearsal is perceived as attaining or achieving psychophysical involvement as the full body engagement which enable to make the event happen in the right moment. Here, this thesis argues that the significance of a performer's inner intensity reminds us of the necessity of qualitative transformation on which the performer could discover his/her own mode of awareness as well as a way his/her body function in the given circumstance. From this point of view, this research finding would advocates that the performer's body maintains in the field of energy flow where his/her conscious effort and/or mindfulness disappear. The performer's movement is a manifestation of the whole bodily engagement by means of being as real in that moment rather than representing reality.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제14호
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• pp.187-215
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• 2012

In recent studies of art historical methodology, such as Critical Terms for Art History and The Art of Art History, subjectivity, identity, abjection, and other terms have been placed safely in the genealogy of contemporary art history. This paper questions the contemporaneity in the story of contemporary art in our time in relation to two other critical terms that have been regularly cited by contemporary critics, not only in Euro-American fields but also in Korea. The terms are postmedium and postproduction, respectively, as used by Rosalind Krauss and Nicolas Bourriaud. This paper stems from the critical condition in which art criticism and theory have their power in the rise of neo-liberalism. But this paper does not deal with the contemporary as a chronological term for art history but rather examines the three critical terms-contemporaneity, post-medium, and postproduction-that have garnered scholarly attention. I would like to put aside postmodernism for the moment; I don't disregard the postmodern condition although the death of postmodern critical terms has resulted in the loss of its polemical power in art worlds such as in exhibitions, etc. To look at "the postproduction in the age of post-medium age after postmodernism," I first explore Krauss's notion of post-medium because, unlike media artists like Lev Manovich and Peter Weibel, Krauss's post-medium condition is different and insists on medium specificity. In this sense, Krauss has turned out to be another Greenberg in disguise. For her, photography and video are expanded mediums after Greenberg, because Krauss has spent her life explicating those mediums. Under the Cup, her recent publication, came out in 2011, and discusses her desire to defend medium-specificity against the intermedia of installation art found ubiquitously in international exhibitions and biennales. Her usage of post-medium has been taken up by Weibel as postmedia in a broader sense. But whether the post-medium condition or the postmedia age, we nonetheless enter the new age of the contemporary. Consequently, this paper questions what constitutes contemporaneity in our times. It is said that there is nothing new on earth, yet I find original artistic strategies among the younger generation in the postmedia age. The contemporary justifies its place in art fields and criticism by keeping its distance from postmodernism although we still find the remnants of postmodern artistic practices and theoretical foundations. By looking at materials written by Terry Smith, I would like to examine contemporaneity as a rhetoric where artists, critics, and curators endeavor to set up a new spirit of criticism, distant from the past of modernism and postmodernism. In discussions, modernism and postmodernism act as catalysts interacting with each other while justifying their own place. In conclusion, my paper reaches to delineate where the contemporary finds its place among artists' responses and working methods. It explores the postproduction of the Internet and the World Wide Web generations, where images become data rather than representation (of modernism) and appropriation (of postmodernism). This paper analyzes Bourriaud's text, as well as relevant artists like Pierre Huyghe, Liam Gillick, and others. By examining the aforementioned critical terms, I would like to reconsider our own contemporary art in Korea, especially among young artists influenced by digital media and the World Wide Web in the 1990s.