• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 2024

Objective: This study investigated the efficacy of different concentrations of gelatin supplementation in long-term semen extender on boar semen quality during storage for 10 days at 17℃. Additionally, oxytocin was added to stored semen to enhance fertility. Methods: In Experiment 1, boar semen was collected, diluted with gelatin at concentrations between 0% and 2.5% (w/v) and mixed with a semen extender. Then, it was kept in a refrigerator at 17℃ and stored for 10 days. In Experiment 2, the sperm quality was examined after adding 0, 5, and 10 IU oxytocin per artificial insemination dose to the most effective semen extender from Experiment 1 and placing it in a refrigerator at 17℃ for 10 days. In Experiment 3, the fertility potential in terms of non-return rate and litter size was determined using the most effective solid-stored semen supplemented with oxytocin. Results: The results indicated that sperm quality decreased with increasing storage time (p<0.05). The sperm quality in terms of total motility, progressive motility, and viable sperm with intact acrosomes and high mitochondrial potential was the highest with 1.5% gelatin supplementation (p<0.001) on all days of storage. Treatment with oxytocin did not affect sperm quality (p>0.05). The non-return rate and litter size after insemination with semen supplemented with 1.5% gelatin and 10 IU of oxytocin after 8 to 10 days of storage were comparable to those of the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: A semen extender as a solid medium supplemented with 1.5% gelatin successfully preserved boar semen for a long storage duration. Treatment with oxytocin did not affect sperm quality. In addition, the fertility capacity using 1.5% gelatin with 10 IU oxytocin and stored for 8 to 10 days was acceptable and comparable to that of short-term storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.586-592
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• 2023

Oxidative stress is a critical factor affecting the quality and viability of sperm during boar semen storage. Oxidative stress is also a significant concern during the process of freezing semen. The process of semen storage involves exposing the sperm to various stressors, including temperature changes, cryoprotectants, and extended periods of incubation. In addition, oxidative stress can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the sperm, resulting in oxidative damage to cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Striking a balance between ROS production and the antioxidant defense system is crucial for maintaining sperm viability and functionality during semen storage. Moreover, the prolonged storage of boar semen leads to an increase in ROS levels, which can impair sperm motility, membrane integrity, and DNA integrity. ROS-induced lipid peroxidation affects the fluidity and stability of sperm membranes, leading to decreased sperm motility. Moreover, oxidative damage to the DNA can result in DNA fragmentation, compromising the genetic integrity of the sperm. In conclusion, oxidative stress is a significant challenge in maintaining sperm quality during boar semen storage. Understanding the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and their impacts on sperm function is crucial for developing effective strategies to minimize oxidative damage and improve sperm storage outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of semen and egg storage period on hatchability of Korean native chicken(KNC, 44-wk old). The body weight, volume of semen, concentration of spermatozoa, total sperm of an ejaculate, motility of sperm and percentage of fertile eggs were 2,555.89g, 0.473$m\ell$, 30.81${\times}$10(sup)8/$m\ell$, 13.14${\times}$10(sup)8 cells, 3.58 and 91.69%, respectively, in KNC. The percentage of fertile eggs were 87.9∼96.0% on storage period in KNC. The viability and hatchability were 80.2%. 74.6%, respectively, in storage period for 22 days in storage temperature of 11∼14$^{\circ}C$. The results of the trial show that viability can be get more than 80% in storage period for 3 weeks in storage temperature of about 13$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.447-450
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• 1993

The effect of adding transparent fluid (TF) to fowl semen on fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa and on hatchability was studied. Diluted semen and semen containing 15% TF were stored for 24 h at $3-5^{\circ}C$ and inseminated at weekly basis for 5 consecutive weeks. No significant differences were observed in fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality among the treatments. The results suggest that TF is not necessarily detrimental to fowl spermatozoa even when mixed with semen and stored outside the body.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sperm preservation according to the various kinds of commercially available semen extenders and to investigate the effect of sperm preservation according to the various temperature storages of fresh-extended porcine semen. To investigate the effect of sperm preservation according to the various kinds of commercially available semen extenders, porcine semens diluted in 3 semen extenders, Beltsville Thawing Solution(BTS), Androhep and Kiev, were cooled at $8^{\circ}C$ storage temperature with a controlled cooling rate of $2-4^{\circ}C$/h. Motility, progressive motility, normal sperm(%) and sperm morphology were assessed comparatively. In motility and progressive motility, Androhep extenders revealed better result than other extenders. In normal sperm(%) and sperm morphology, 3 semen extenders revealed similar results. To investigate the effect of sperm preservation according to the various temperature storages of fresh-extended porcine semen, porcine semens diluted in BTS extender, were cooled at 3 storage temperatures($8^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$ and $17^{\circ}C$) with a controlled cooling rate of $2-4^{\circ}C$/h. Motility, progressive motility, normal sperm(%) and sperm morphology were assessed comparatively. In motility and progressive motility, $8^{\circ}C$ treatment group revealed better result than $12^{\circ}C$ and $17^{\circ}C$ treatment groups. In normal sperm(%) and sperm morphology, 3 temperatures of treatment groups revealed similar results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1501-1508
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• 2004

In this study the effect of extenders and temperatures on sperm viability and fertilizing capacity of boar sperm during long-term storage was investigated. Acrosomal integrity, membrane integrity, motility and hypo-osmotic resistance were evaluated by fluorescence and light microscopy. An in vitro fertilization test was performed to assess the fertilizing capacity of stored spermatozoa. The five diluents tested were ranked according to their ability to maintain sperm functional parameters and Zorlesco (ZO) extender with BSA or with PVA instead of BSA produced the best results. Zorlesco extender substituted with PVA (ZO+PVA) was found to maintain motility both at 15 and 20$^{\circ}C$. within 5 days of storage, but the quality of semen stored at 15$^{\circ}C$ decreased thereafter as compared to semen stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ Semen stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ demonstrated rapid loss of motility already within 24 h. Both fertilization and cleavage of semen stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ in ZO substituted with PVA instead of BSA did not change significantly until day 8 of storage. It is therefore concluded that PVA can be used to substitute for BSA and 20$^{\circ}C$ was more suitable than 15$^{\circ}C$ for boar semen storage, and in vitro fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa was maintained for at least 8 days in ZO+PVA at 20$^{\circ}C$.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess sperm quality during in vitro storage of miniature-pig semen in order to determine which extender should be used and how extender can be diluted for in vitro storage of miniature-pig semen. Freshly ejaculated miniature-pig's semen was diluted with same volumes of Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), Androhep, Modena, Mulberry III and modified-Modena extenders. Sperm quality was evaluated by examining viability, motility, abnormality, acrosome intactness, intensity and capacitation status by chlorotetracycline (CTC) staining. Sperm motility decreased with storage period prolonged and differences among BTS, Androhep, Modena and Mulberry III were apparent On Day 1, approximately 80% of the sperm were motile, but motility decreased to $40\%$ at Day 7. During the 7 days of storage, sperm survival in modified-Modena B extender was higher than another extenders. However, it was not differ significantly among other extenders. The percentage of F and B patterns were not differ significantly among the extenders. However, F pattern in modified-Modena B extender was slightly higher until 3 days of storage than that of Modena extender, modified-Modena A extender and modified-Modena C extender. The percentage of AR patterns in modified-Modena B extender was slightly lower, but did not differ significantly among other extenders. The results of present study suggest that modified-Modena B was effective as new extender for in vitro storage of miniature-pig semen.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of storage time on fresh boar semen in Androhep and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS). Boar semen samples extended in each extender were stored at $17^{\circ}C$ up to 4 days. Sperm motility kinematics was evaluated by computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) and capacitation status by chlortetracycline (CTC)/Hoechst 33258 staining. Sperm motility (%) was not decreased during storage in BTS and Androhep. No significant difference between extenders was observed. Only significant differences in kinematic parameters on linearity during storage were found. The percentage of dead sperm significantly decreased during storage (p<0.05). Also the percentage of noncapacitated, capacitated, and acrosome-reacted sperm significantly modified during storage (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between extenders except proportion of capacitated sperm. This finding supported that modification in these parameters was not significantly different between extenders during this short-term storage. Our finding strongly indicated that both Androhep and BIS maintained favorable conditions for motility, motility kinematics, and capacitation status during short-term storage. Despite modifications in some parameters were apparent during sperm storage in extenders, these may not affect the fertilizing capacity of boar semen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1713-1720
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• 2015

The present work describes experiments undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of selected physicochemical indices of semen, cell membrane integrity and sperm chromatin structure for the assessment of boar semen sensitivity to processes connected with pre-insemination procedures. The experiments were carried out on 30 boars: including 15 regarded as providers of sensitive semen and 15 regarded as providers of semen that is little sensitive to laboratory processing. The selection of boars for both groups was based on sperm morphology analyses, assuming secondary morphological change incidence in spermatozoa as the criterion. Two ejaculates were manually collected from each boar at an interval of 3 to 4 months. The following analyses were carried out for each ejaculate: sperm motility assessment, sperm pH measurement, sperm morphology assessment, sperm chromatin structure evaluation and cell membrane integrity assessment. The analyses were performed three times. Semen storage did not cause an increase in the incidence of secondary morphological changes in the group of boars considered to provide sperm of low sensitivity. On the other hand, with continued storage there was a marked increase in the incidence of spermatozoa with secondary morphological changes in the group of boars regarded as producing more sensitive semen. Ejaculates of group I boars evaluated directly after collection had an approximately 6% smaller share of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes than the ejaculates of boars in group II ($p{\leq}0.05$). In the process of time the percentage of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes decreased. The sperm of group I boars was characterised with a lower sperm motility than the semen of group II boars. After 1 hour of storing diluted semen, the sperm motility of boars producing highly sensitive semen was already 4% lower ($p{\leq}0.05$), and after 24 hours of storage it was 6.33% lower than that of the boars that produced semen with a low sensitivity. Factors that confirm the accuracy of insemination male selection can include a low rate of sperm motility decrease during the storage of diluted semen, low and contained incidence of secondary morphological changes in spermatozoa during semen storage and a high frequency of spermatozoa with undamaged cell membranes.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1979

A, B and C dilutors were used to make Ka (A plus B (1 : 1)) and Na (B plus C(1 : 1)) dilutors in this experiment. Three aliqots of semen were respectivly diluted 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (semen: dilutor) with Ka, Na and C dilutors and stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days in order to study their livability during storage. Fertility was checked for the diluted semen with Ka, Na and C dilutors. Whole semen and extended semen with Na dilutos with and without DMSO were cold shocked at various temperatures for 10 min. Effects of different 1st and 2nd dilution with A, B, C and Na dilutors and of vessels on freezability of spermatozoa were investigtigated. 1. Extended semen 1 : 2 with Na and C dilutors showed highest live sperm index during storage for 7 days at 5$^{\circ}C$. 2. The components of Na dilutor per 100$m\ell$ were skim milk 2.5g, trisaminomethane 0.54g, citric acid 0.265g, glucose 2.835g, fructose 1.5g, sodium lauryl sulfate, 0.08g, penicillin 0.06g, streptomycin 0.075g, and egg yolk 10$m\ell$. 3. Fertility of diluted semen was higher than that of whole semen. Ka dilutor showed higher fertility than Na and C dilutors, and there was no difference in the fertility between Na and C dilutors. 4. Na dilutor with DMSO showed slightly higher livability than Na dilutor without DMSO during storage for 7 days at 5$^{\circ}C$. 5. Cold shock at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. decreased greatly the sperm livalility of whole semen but not of extended semen with Na dilutor. Addition of DMSO to Na dilutor has no effect in prevention of cold shock. 6. The extended semen with C. C dilutor (1st and 2nd dilution with C and C dilutor) showed higher post-thawing sperm livability than A.A and Na. B dilutors. Na. B dilution shwed higher post-thawing sperm livability than A.A dilution. There was no difference in the post-thawing livability between semen in 1$m\ell$ straw and 10$m\ell$ aluminium package.