• 경영정보학연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.103-123
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• 2023

e-커머스 플랫폼 문헌에서 유효한 관점 중 하나는 정보 비대칭 상황에서의 판매자 신호전략이다. 본 연구에서는 판매자의 신호전략이 소비자의 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 탐색하기 위해 신호이론과 쇼핑목표이론을 기반으로 연구모델을 구성하였다. 구체적으로 소비자의 쇼핑 목표에 따라 판매자가 제공하는 신호 효과(i.e., 평판, 온라인 구전 비율, 가격)에 차이가 있는지 분석하였다. 실증분석을 위해서는 대표적인 e-커머스 플랫폼인 아마존을 대상으로 26,246개의 데이터를 수집하여 가우시안 코플라 방법을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 판매자가 제공하는 신호는 수익에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 효과는 소비자의 쇼핑목표에 따라 조절되는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 쇼핑목표이론을 기반으로 소비자가 입력하는 키워드에 따라 판매자의 신호전략 효과에 차이가 있다는 점을 발견함으로써 신호이론 및 전자상거래 문헌에 기여하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제60권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

Seller's obligation on the Delivery of Goods and Handing over the Documents are key elements in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) has been entered into force on 1 January 1988 to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. The Incoterms were first published by the ICC in 1936 and were most recently revised in 2010. Incoterms 2010 are entering into force on 1 January 2011. The Incoterms focus on the seller's delivery obligations and reflect the principle that the risk of loss or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled its obligations to deliver the goods. This study highlights basic rules covering seller's obligation of delivery of goods and handing over the documents under the Incoterms 2010 and the United Nations Convention and Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In the second chapter, this study will provide analyses and compare these two legal systems in relation to the basic rules governing delivery of goods and passing of risks in contract of sale. This chapter evaluates the meaning of Article 31 and Article 67(1) and FOB, CFR, CIF & FCA, CPT, CIP terms of Incoterms 2010. Chapter Three will focus on handing over the documents. Article 30 CISG imposes the seller's primary obligations to deliver the goods and to hand over documents relating to them. Article 34 CISG supplements the seller's obligation in relation to documents by providing that the seller must hand over documents relating to the goods. In contrast, Article 58(1) CISG imposes on the buyer the obligation to pay only when it has received the goods or documents controlling their disposition. I reviewed only some of the documents relating to the goods are documents controlling their disposition. This chapter considers the meaning of the phrase "documents that control the disposition of the goods and do not control disposition of the goods." Finally, the fourth chapter will assess the meaning of rules of CISG and Incoterms 2010.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.459-485
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• 2011

본 연구는 매도인의 서류교부의무에 관하여 규정하고 있는 CISG의 제30조와 34조의 내용을 무역관습인 Incoterms 및 신용장통일규칙(UCP)과 관련하여 해석하고, 서류교부의무의 위반이 매수인에게 어떤 법적 구제권을 부여하는지를 규명한다. CISG는 제 30조와 34조에 매도인의 서류교부의무에 관한 규정을 두고 있으나 서류의 종류, 서류교부 시기, 장소, 형식 등에 대해서는 별도로 규율하지 않고 계약 및 관습(usage)에 의존하고 있다. 이에 따라 계약에 명시적인 규정이 없는 경우 Incoterms와 신용장통일규칙이 협약을 보완하여 적용된다. 매도인이 계약에 적합한 서류를 정해진 시기, 장소, 형식에 따라 교부할 의무를 이행하지 않는 경우 협약의 제45조에 의해 이행청구권, 계약해제권 및 손해배상청구권 등의 구제권이 매수인에게 부여된다. 그러나 계약해제권의 경우 협약이 계약의 유지를 기본 정신으로 하고 있으므로 매우 제한적으로 인정되는 경향이 있다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.391-410
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• 2017

매수인의 지급불능의 위험에 대응하기 위하여 매도인은 대금이 지급될 때까지 물품에 대한 소유권을 유보할 수 있는 조항을 계약에 명시한다. 그러나 소유권유보 조항은 Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v. Romalpa Aluminium Ltd 사건이후 그 적용 범위가 확대되면서 매도인의 권리에 대하여 논란이 발생하였다. 이 사건에서 법원은 기본적인 소유권유보 조항보다 매도인에게 확대된 권리를 인정하였고, 매도인에게 확대된 권리를 부여한 조항을 'Romalpa' 조항으로 칭하였다. 이 조항에서 매수인의 지급불능시 매도인에게 부여하는 권리는 첫째, 매도인이 인도한 물품으로 매수인이 생산한 새로운 물품에 대하여 매도인이 권리를 주장할 수 있다는 것, 둘째, 매수인이 수취한 전매 대금에 대하여 매도인이 추급할 수 있다는 것이다. 그러나 법원은 이러한 권리가 영국회사법상 등록되어야 하는 담보(a charge)의 성격을 지닌 것으로 등록되지 않는 한 'Romalpa' 조항에서 명시한 매도인의 권리는 인정하지 않고 있다. 결국 SGA상 계약에서 명시한 'Romalpa' 조항에 따른 매도인의 확장된 권리는 보장되지 않고 있다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2017

In the process of online trading, many unexpected conflicts may occur. The consumer wishes to perform transactions with a seller by trusting the seller's listings, but there are times when even major companies such as Kakao edit their original listings. When the seller edits their listing, it is extremely difficult for the consumer to prove and deal with the problem. If they don't deal with them carefully they may be accused of denigration. This study proposes a consumer protection system to resolve this problem. In case a problem occurs, proof that the original listing was edited can be submitted to a judge in court by using this system, thus preventing these types of problems from happening. If this system is installed, both the seller and consumer know that the terms of contract cannot be falsely changed to the advantage of either side, so the source of the problem can be prevented. This study analyzes the reasons behind the conflicts and presents a systematic way of preventing the problem. This method does not present a financial burden, and provides a way for transactions to be held based on trust for the seller and consumer.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제32권
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• pp.29-56
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• 2006

This article primarily concerns the various aspects of the rules to control express terms particularly in standard form which seek to absolve either wholly or in part from the seller's liability for non-conforming goods. It describes and analyzes in detail how English law regulates such terms. In this analysis, it places the following questions; first, whether each jurisdiction treats the seller's liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity as mandatory rules, second, if it does, to what extent it is treated so and third, if not, in what way it controls the seller's attempt to exclude or restrict his liability for non-conformity in quality and quantity. In addition, it attempts to compare the rules under English law with those under Korean law and to evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. In an attempt to evaluate them, it asks the question of whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. The evaluation is based upon the idea that the problems of fairness associated with the use of standard terms occur where the customer is unfairly taken by surprise due to his ignorance of the terms, or where even if he knows of the substance of the terms and objects to it, he is met with a take-it-or-leave-it situation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.99-122
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• 2012

According to the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the Seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to the them and transfer the property the to the goods as required by the contract, and buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract. In particular, the seller provides the documents is important. If the documents are discrepancies in credit, the beneficiary may not receive the payment. So It is important to study on conditions of documents in international trade. Documents provided by the seller shall be determined by express terms. If there is no agreement on the express terms, it shall be determined by the implied terms or governing law terms. In practice Seller shall provide the documents are as follows, For example, transport documents, commercial invoice, certificate of origin, insurance policy, packing list, inspection certificate etc. As stated above if it can not be determined by express terms, it is determined by the implied terms. In international trade, leading to the implied terms is incoterms(R) 2010 and UCP 600. Incoterms(R) 2010 define the seller must provide the goods and the commercial in conformity with the sales contract and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract and UCP 600 are rules that apply to documentary credit. This paper, the practical utility between Incoterms(R) 2010 and UCP 600 is studied.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.123-144
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• 2012

Seller shall deliver the goods with a perfect condition of packing or container in international trade. Unless otherwise seller shall warranty that the goods arrive at destination with a safe and economic value. Buyer may ask packing is to be made in specific condition or refuse to accept when the packing is not made in accordance with trade customs between among merchants. Especially packing is to be considered under the local law and process. Sometimes tax will be added to specific condition of packing for example glasses, metal sheet or others. Warning signs shall be included as form of both words and diagrams, and be in form of ensuring understanding in the local market. Wide range of warning signs can be used for communications and understanding of packing. Packing of a product can usefully symbolize a range of product information, or any relevant warnings, and give an opportunity for displaying messages of promoting the company and the goods. The seller may choose the best method to maintain its value but find a way to reduce packing cost, size for convenience during delivery, design, and local customs. There are many things to be considered for packing to seller. The purpose of packing is to protect the goods itself and to maintain its economic value during storage, delivery, transshipment, and distribution to end users.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제53권
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• pp.31-48
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• 2012

If see CISG's passing of risk and altered regulations first, when sales contract accompanies transport of goods and seller does not have duty to deliver goods at particular place, when deliver to the first carter to send to purchaser according to sales contract risk passes to purchaser, and when there is duty that seller must deliver goods to carter at specification place, when goods are delivered to carter at same place, risk does not pass to purchaser. Second, risk about transporting goods passes to purchaser at signing a contract. But, when there is special assessment, risk passes to purchaser when goods are delivered to carter who publish document that embody contract of carriage. Nevertheless, it is loss if seller did not notify this truth to occasion purchaser who could knew loss or damage of goods or know justly at sales contract conclusion defamation danger seller of be burdensome. Third, seller has responsibility about damage or loss as long as hide in own artificiality or forbearance after risk passes to purchaser. Regulation about risk in Incoterms 2010 was separated into 11 condition, and move time of risk differs in angle condition. It is appeared that the substance handles relatively comprehensively because compare in Incoterms 2010 although it is because it becomes if it examines regulation about deliver and passing of risk of goods setting in CISG relatively concise. Also, segments that can become posibility of analysis controversy exist.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1402-1411
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• 2014

Buyer-seller watermarking protocol is defined as the practice of imperceptible altering a digital content to embed a message using watermarking in the encryption domain. This protocol is acknowledged as one kind of copyright protection techniques in electronic commerce. Buyer-seller watermarking protocol is fundamentally based on public-key cryptosystem that is operating using the algebraic property of an integer. However, in general usage, digital contents which are handled in watermarking scheme mostly exist as real numbers in frequency domain through DCT, DFT, DWT, etc. Therefore, in order to use the watermarking scheme in a cryptographic protocol, digital contents that exist as real number must be transformed into integer type through preprocessing beforehand. In this paper, we presented a new watermarking scheme in an encrypted domain in an image that is based on the block-DCT framework and homomorphic encryption method for buyer-seller watermarking protocol. We applied integral-processing in order to modify the decimal layer. And we designed a direction-adaptive watermarking scheme by analyzing distribution property of the frequency coefficients in a block using JND threshold. From the experimental results, the proposed scheme was confirmed to have a good robustness and invisibility.