• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2009

Objectives : This study investigated the hypothesis that the dentin bond strength of self-etching adhesives (SEAs) may be improved by applying a coat of hydrophobic, neutral adhesive resin in addition to SEA. Method and Materials : The bond strengths of two SEAs - Experimental SEA (EX) and Adper Prompt (AP) - were measured with three bonding protocols. The D/E resin of All-Bond 2 was applied as the hydrophobic, neutral adhesive. Clearfil SE Bond (SE, self-etching primer system) and All-Bond 2 (AB, total etching system) were used as references. The following protocols were used: (1) EX1 (EX 1 coat); (2) EX2 (EX 2 coats); (3) EX+ (EX 1 coat + D/E resin); (4) AP1 (AP 1 coat); (5) AP2 (AP 2 coats); (6) AP+ (AP 1 coat + D/E resin); (7) SE (SE primer + SE bond); (8) SE+ (SE primer + D/E resin); (9) AB (etching + AB primer + D/E resin). Filtek Z250 composite resin was built up and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) values of the specimens were compared. The fractured surfaces were observed using SEM. Results : When SEA was used as self-etching primer and hydrophobic, neutral adhesive was applied as well, MTBS was significantly higher than that when either one coat or two coats of SEA only were used (p < 0.05). Conclusion : The hydrophobic, neutral adhesive improved the integrity of the bonded interface obtained with SEA.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2006

Recently, self-etching adhesive system has been introduced to simplify the clinical bonding proce- dures. It is less acidic compared to the phosphoric acid, thus there is doubt whether this system has enough bond strength to enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of additional etching on the adhesion of resin composite to enamel. Ninety extracted bovine permanent anterior teeth were used. The labial surfaces of the crown were ground with 600-grit abrasive paper under wet condition. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 teeth each. Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR},\;Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian $SPE^{TM}$ were used as self-etching primers. Each self-etching primers were applied in both enamel specimens with and without additional etching. For additional etching groups, enamel surface was pretreated with 32% phosphoric acid (UNI-ETCH, Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL. USA). Hybrid resin composite Clearfil AP-X, (Kuraray Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was packed into the mold and light-cured for 40 seconds. Twenty-four hours after storage, the specimens were tested in shear bond strength. The data for each group were subjected to independent t - test at p < 0.01 to make comparisons among the groups. In Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR}$, shear bond strength of additional etching group was higher than no additional etching group (p < 0.01). In $Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian SPE, there were no significant difference between additional etching and non-etching groups (p > 0.01). In conclusion, self-etching adhesive system with weak acid seems to have higher bond strength to enamel with additional etching, while self-etching adhesive system with strong acid seems not.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2008

We introduce a new fabrication process for antireflective structured surfaces. A 4-inch silicon wafer was dipped in a suspension of 300-nm-diameter silica particles dispersed in a toluene solution. When the wafer was drawn out of the suspension, a hexagonally packed monolayer structure of particles self-assembled on almost the complete wafer surface. Due to the simple process, this could be applied to micro- and nano-patterning. The self-assembled silica particles worked as a mask for the subsequent reactive ion etching. An array of nanometer-sized pits could be fabricated since the regions that correspond to the small gaps between particles were selectively etched off. As etching progressed, the pits became deeper and combined with neighboring pits due to side-etching to produce an array of cone-like structures. We investigated the effect of etching conditions on antireflection properties, and the optimum shape was a nano-cone with height and spacing of 500 nm and 300 nm, respectively. This nano-structured surface was prepared on a $30\;{\times}\;10-mm$ area. The reflectivity of the surface was reduced 97% for wavelengths in the range 400-700 nm.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded to non-demineralized teeth with either phosphoric acid etching or self-etching primer. Methods: Sixty human premolars were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 15 each): phosphoric acid etching (group 1); self-etching primer (group 2); CPP-ACP for 2 weeks + phosphoric acid etching (group 3), and CPP-ACP for 2 weeks + self-etching primer (group 4). After bonding of the maxillary premolar metal brackets, specimens were subjected to shear forces in a testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe etching patterns on the enamel surfaces of all teeth. A 2-way analysis of variance was used to test for effects of CPP-ACP and etching system on SBS. Results: Significantly higher mean SBSs were observed in groups subjected to phosphoric acid etching (i.e., groups 1 and 3; p < 0.05). On the other hand, SBSs did not appear to be influenced by CPP-ACP (i.e., groups 3 and 4; p > 0.05). We observed a uniform and clear etched pattern on the enamel surface of the phosphoric acid etching groups. Conclusions: CPP-ACP does not significantly affect the SBS of orthodontic brackets bonded to non-demineralized teeth, regardless of which adhesive method is used to bond the brackets.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.207-214
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• 2012

Objectives: This study evaluated the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the microtensile bonds strength (${\mu}TBS$) of resin core with two adhesive systems to dentin in endodontic cavities. Materials and Methods: Flat dentinal surfaces in 40 molar endodontic cavities were treated with self-etch adhesive system, Contax (DMG) and total-etch adhesive system, Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) after the following surface treatments: (1) Priming only (Contax), (2) CHX for 15 sec + rinsing + priming (Contax), (3) Etching with priming (Adper Single Bond 2), (4) Etching + CHX for 15 sec + rinsing + priming (Adper Single Bond 2). Resin composite build-ups were made with LuxaCore (DMG) using a bulk method and polymerized for 40 sec. For each condition, half of specimens were submitted to ${\mu}TBS$ after 24 hr storage and half of them were submitted to thermocycling of 10,000 cycles between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ before testing. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent t-test at a significance level of 95%. Results: CHX pre-treatment did not affect the bond strength of specimens tested at the immediate testing period, regardless of dentin surface treatments. However, after 10,000 thermocycling, all groups showed reduced bond strength. The amount of reduction was greater in groups without CHX treatments than groups with CHX treatment. These characteristics were the same in both self-etch adhesive system and total-etch adhesive system. Conclusions: 2% CHX application for 15 sec proved to alleviate the decrease of bond strength of dentin bonding systems. No significant difference was shown in ${\mu}TBS$ between total-etching system and self-etching system.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2004

Self-etching priming bonding system was recently developed in order to simplify the clinical skills & save chair time after continuous improvements on dentin bonding agents. To test the magnitude of microleakage of a new "self-etching priming bonding agent" using sound premolar 4th, 5th, 6th generation dentin bonding agent was applied. Measure the magnitude of infiltration to the gap of enamel-restoration interface and dentin-restoration interface. After bonding of composite resin to sample surfaces according to the manufactures direction and 500 times thermocycling on dwell time 30 second, and microleakage was measured by the ratio of the depth to the axial wall and the magnitude of infiltration. Afterward analyzed by ANOVA test. The result were as follows ; 1. Enamel groups showed lesser microleakage (Group I, II, III, IV) than dentin groups(Group V, VI, VII, VIII). (p<0.05) 2. There are no statical differences among the dentin groups, in enamel groups, group IV showed more microleakage than group I, II, III. (p<0.05). For a clinical acceptance, better enamel marginal adaptation is required.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.353-364
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare and to evaluate the combination use of 5 kinds of dentin adhesive systems and 5 kinds of composite resins using micro-shear bond test. Five adhesive systems (Prime & Bond NT (PBN). Onecoat bond (OC), Excite (EX), Syntac (SY), Clearfil SE bond (CS)) and five composite resins (Spectrum (SP), Synergy Compact (SC), Tetric Ceram (TC), Clearfil AP-X (CA), Z100 (Z1)) were used for this study ($5{\;}{\times}{\;}5{\;}={\;}25group$, n =14/group). The slices of horizontally sectioned human tooth were bonded with each bonding system and each composite resin, and tested by a micro-shear bond strength test. These results were analyzed statistically. The mean micro-shear bond strength of dentin adhesive systems were in order of CS (22.642 MPa), SY (18.368 MPa), EX (14.599 MPa). OC (13.702 MPa). PBN (12.762 MPa). The mean bond strength of self-etching primer system group (CS, SY) in dentin was higher than that of self-priming adhesive system groups (PBN, EX, OC) significantly (P<0.05). The mean bond strength of composite resins was in order of SP (19.008 MPa), CA (17.532 MPa). SC (15.787 MPa), TC (15.068 MPa). Z1 (14.678 MPa). Micro-shear bond strength of SP was stronger than those of other composite resins significantly (P < 0.05). And those of TC and Z1 were weaker than other composite resins significantly (P < 0.05). No difference was found in micro-shear bond strength of composite resin in self-etching primer adhesive system groups (CS, SY) statistically. However, there was significant difference of micro-shear bond strength of composite resin groups in self-priming adhesive systems group (PBN, EX, OC). The combination of composite resin and dentin adhesive system recommended by manufacturer did not represent positive correlation. It didn't seem to be a significant factor.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2003

The aims of the present study was to observe resin tag of the resin/enamel, dentin interface produced by self-etching adhesive systems and evaluate effect of additional acid etching on resin tag formation. Three self-etching primer(SE bond, AQ bond and L Pop) and an one bottle adhesive(Single bond) were used. Flat occlusal enamel and dentin disks were obtained from extracted human molars. A total of 20 surfaces were collected and divided into four groups of 5 samples. One-half of each specimen in each group was etched with 35% phosphoric acid prior to the application of each adhesive system, with the second half being kept unetched. Subsequently, resin composite was placed and polymerized. The samples were sliced and immersed into HCl and NaOCl solutions, followed by drying and sputter coating for examination with a SEM. The results were as follows; 1. Additional etching side of dentin displayed longer and thicker resin tag than unetched side in all self-etching adhesive groups. 2. In enamel, additional etching side displayed deeper and more distinct etching pattern than unetched side except L Pop. There is no difference between etched and unetched enamel in L Pop. The results obtained suggest the self-etching adhesive did not etch enamel and penetrate into dentinal tubule as deeply as did additional etching. Further research should include the evaluation of the relationship of boding strength, microleakage and resin tag morphology.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resin infiltration into dentin of one-bottle adhesive systems and self-etching primer bonded to Class V cavities using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Material and Methods : Forty Class V cavities were prepared from freshly extracted caries-free Human teeth. These teeth were divided into two groups based on the presence of cervical abrasion: Group I, cervical abrasion : Group II, wedge-shaped cavity preparation. Resin-dentin interfaces were produced with two one-bottle dentin bonding systems-ONE COAT BOND(OCB; Coltene$^R$) and Syntac$^R$SPrint$^{TM}$(SS; VIVADENT)-, one self-etching priming system-CLEARFIL$^{TM}$ SE BOND (SB : KURARAY)- and one multi-step dentin bonding system-Scotchbond$^{TM}$Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M Dental Products)-as control according to manufacturers' instructions. Cavities were restored with Spectrum$^{R}$(Dentsply). Specimens were immersed in saline for 24 hours and sectioned longitudinally with a low-speed diamond disc. The resin-dentin interfaces were microscopically observed using CLSM. The quality of resin-infiltrated dentin layers were evaluated by five dentists using 0~4 scale. Results : Confocal laser scanning microscopal investigations using primer labeled with rhodamine B showed that the penetration of the primer occurred along the cavity margins. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range test revealed that the primer penetration of the group 2(wedge-shaped cavity preparation) was more effective than group 1(cervical abrasion) and that of the gingival interfaces was more effective than the occlusal interfaces. In the one-bottle dentin bonding systems, the resin penetration score of OCB was compatible to SBMP, but those of SS and self-etching priming system, SB were lower than SBMP.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate the effect of dentin moisture degree and air-drying time on dentin-bond strength of two different one-step self-etching adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four human third molars were used for microtensile bond strength testing of G-Bond and Clearfil $S^3$ Bond. The dentin surface was either blot-dried or air-dried before applying these adhesive agents. After application of the adhesive agent, three different air drying times were evaluated: 1, 5, and 10 sec. Composite resin was build up to 4 mm thickness and light cured for 40 sec with 2 separate layers. Then the tooth was sectioned and trimmed to measure the microtensile bond strength using a universal testing machine. The measured bond strengths were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and regression analysis was done (p = 0.05). Results: All three factors, materials, dentin wetness and air drying time, showed significant effect on the microtensile bond strength. Clearfil $S^3$ Bond, dry dentin surface and 10 sec air drying time showed higher bond strength. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this experiment, air drying time after the application of the one-step self-etching adhesive agent was the most significant factor affecting the bond strength, followed by the material difference and dentin moisture before applying the adhesive agent.