• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.384-396
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• 2020

Breast cancer is one of the most common life-threatening malignancies and the top cause of cancer deaths in women. Although many conventional therapies exist for its treatment, breast cancer still has many handicaps to overcome. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a well-known cause of tumor recurrences due to the ability of CSCs for self-renewal and differentiation into cell subpopulations, similar to stem cells. To fully treat breast cancer, a strategy for the treatment of both cancer cells and CSCs is required. However, current strategies for the eradication of CSCs are non-specific and have low efficacy. Therefore, surface biomarkers to selectively treat CSCs need to be developed. Here, 34 out of 641 surface biomarkers on CSCs were identified by proteomic analysis between the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 and MCF-7-derived CSCs. Among them, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules 6 (CEACAM6 or CD66c), a member of the CEA family, was selected as a novel biomarker on the CSC surface. This biomarker was then experimentally validated and evaluated for use as a CSC-specific marker. Its biological effects were assessed by treating breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) with short hairpin (sh)-RNA under oxidative cellular conditions. This study is the first to evaluate the biological function of CD66c as a novel biomarker on the surface of CSCs. This marker is available as a moiety for use in the development of targeted therapeutic agents against CSCs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.549-549
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• 2012

Early detection of cancer biomarkers in the blood is of vital importance for reducing the mortality and morbidity in a number of cancers. From this point of view, immunosensors based on nanowire (NW) and carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) that allow the ultra-sensitive, highly specific, and label-free electrical detection of biomarkers received much attention. Nevertheless 1D nano-FET biosensors showed high performance, several challenges remain to be resolved for the uncomplicated, reproducible, low-cost and high-throughput nanofabrication. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) graphene and reduced GO (RGO) nanosheets or films find widespread applications such as clean energy storage and conversion devices, optical detector, field-effect transistors, electromechanical resonators, and chemical & biological sensors. In particular, the graphene- and RGO-FETs devices are very promising for sensing applications because of advantages including large detection area, low noise level in solution, ease of fabrication, and the high sensitivity to ions and biomolecules comparable to 1D nano-FETs. Even though a limited number of biosensor applications including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene film for DNA detection, single-layer graphene for protein detection and single-layer graphene or solution-processed RGO film for cell monitoring have been reported, development of facile fabrication methods and full understanding of sensing mechanism are still lacking. Furthermore, there have been no reports on demonstration of ultrasensitive electrical detection of a cancer biomarker using the graphene- or RGO-FET. Here we describe scalable and facile fabrication of reduced graphene oxide FET (RGO-FET) with the capability of label-free, ultrasensitive electrical detection of a cancer biomarker, prostate specific antigen/${\alpha}$ 1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) complex, in which the ultrathin RGO channel was formed by a uniform self-assembly of two-dimensional RGO nanosheets, and also we will discuss about the immunosensing mechanism.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2013

In this research, we developed a biosensor to detect lung cancer-specific biomarker using Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) chip based on interference and nano surface plasmon resonance (nanoSPR). The nano-porous AAO chip was fabricated $2{\mu}m$ of pore-depth by two-step anodizing method for surface uniformity. NanoSPR has sensitivity to the refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium and also provides simple and label-free detection when specific antibodies are immobilized to the Au-deposited surface of nano-porous AAO chip. To detect the lung cancer-specific biomarker, antibodies were immobilized on the surface of the chip by Self Assembled Monolayer (SAM) method. Since then lung cancer-specific biomarker was applied atop the antibodies immobilized layer. The specific reaction of the antigen-antibody contributed to the change in the refractive index that cause shift of resonance spectrum in the interference pattern. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was 1 fg/ml by using our nano-porous AAO biosensor chip.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.4-4
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• 2012

Proteins enable biology to be viable through molecular interactions (such as in antigen-antibody, ligand-receptor, and drug-target) with

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 2002

Objectives: Cancer is the most frequent cause of death in Korea. Cancer screenings can save lives through early detection and their effect can be enhanced by regular repeat adherence rather than one-time screening. The aim of this study was to investigate major cancer screening rates and the reasons for not having screening for providing the basic data required. Materials and Methods: The study sample were recruited from the parents of students in 3 different middle and high schools in Pusan. 428 participants(l93 of males, 214 of females) completed a structured self-administered questionnaire from Dec. 21 to 31, 2001 and the response rate was 73.8%. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS Win 10.0. Results: The cancer screening rates of the subjects(male and female respectively) who have had one or more in their life-time were about 36.3% and 34.6% in gastroendoscopy for stomach cancer, about 11.1 % and 8.5% in stool hemocult test and colonoscopy for colon cancer, 13.5% and 9.3% in prostate-antigen test and rectal digit exam for prostate cancer, 36.4% in mammograpy for breast cancer, and 59.3% in Pap smear test for cervical cancer. And the higher proportions of having regular screening were 36.0% in Pap smear test for cervical cancer and 11.7% in mammograpy for breast cancer. The reasons related to not having screening tests were found that ‘seem to be healthy’ was 44.8%∼58.9% and the most common reason and the following was ‘not having opportunity for check-up’. The most common reason related to not having regular screening tests were ‘for the finding of previous check-up was normal’.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.19.1-19.7
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• 2021

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) causes leukopenia and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, killing 50% of naturally infected cats. Although intact FPV can serve as an antigen in the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, an accidental laboratory-mediated infection is concern. A non-infectious diagnostic reagent is required for the HI test. Here, we expressed the viral protein 2 (VP2) gene of the FPV strain currently prevalent in South Korea in a baculovirus expression system; VP2 protein was identified by an indirect immunofluorescence assay, electron microscopy (EM), Western blotting (WB), and a hemagglutination assay (HA). EM showed that the recombinant VP2 protein self-assembled to form virus-like particles. WB revealed that the recombinant VP2 was 65 kDa in size. The HA activity of the recombinant VP2 protein was very high at 1:2¹⁵. A total of 143 cat serum samples were tested using FPV (HI-FPV test) and the recombinant VP2 protein (HI-VP2 test) as HI antigens. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the HI-VP2 test were 99.3%, 88.9%, and 99.3%, respectively, compared to the HI-FPV test. The HI-VP2 and HI-FPV results correlated significantly (r = 0.978). Thus, recombinant VP2 can substitute for intact FPV as the serological diagnostic reagent of the HI test for FPV.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.50.1-50.19
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• 2022

Autoreactive B cells are not entirely deleted, but some remain as immunocompetent or anergic B cells. Although the persistence of autoreactive B cells as anergic cells has been shown in transgenic mouse models with the expression of B cell receptor (BCR) reactive to engineered self-antigen, the characterization of naturally occurring anergic B cells is important to identify them and understand their contribution to immune regulation or autoimmune diseases. We report here that a low-level expression of CD138 in the splenic B cells marks naturally arising anergic B cells, not plasma cells. The CD138^int B cells consisted of IgM^lowIgD^high follicular (FO) B cells and transitional 3 B cells in homeostatic conditions. The CD138^int FO B cells showed an anergic gene expression profile shared with that of monoclonal anergic B cells expressing engineered BCRs and the gene expression profile was different from those of plasma cells, age-associated B cells, or germinal center B cells. The anergic state of the CD138^int FO B cells was confirmed by attenuated Ca²⁺ response and failure to upregulate CD69 upon BCR engagement with anti-IgM, anti-IgD, anti-Igκ, or anti-IgG. The BCR repertoire of the CD138^int FO B cells was distinct from that of the CD138^- FO B cells and included some class-switched B cells with low-level somatic mutations. These findings demonstrate the presence of polyclonal anergic B cells in the normal mice that are characterized by low-level expression of CD138, IgM downregulation, reduced Ca²⁺ and CD69 responses upon BCR engagement, and distinct BCR repertoire.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2015

Accurate volume measurement of the prostate is a significant role in determining the result of diagnosis and treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine, when measuring prostate volume by TRUS, whether location is more accurately determined by transaxial or longitudinal scanning. With reference to the patient's image, it was produced six prostate model. It compares the actual volume and the measurement volume, and find the optimal measurement position of each specific model. Prostate volume measured by TRUS closely correlates with prostate phantom volume. There was no significant difference(p = .156). To measure the accurate volume of prostate with focal protrusion, its length should be measured exclude the protrusions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1217-1223
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was conducted to assess clinical practices related to the evaluation and treatment of patients with acute gastrointestinal infection(AGI) in infants and children. This survey also evaluated the current opinion regarding the use of rotavirus vaccine. Methods : This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire provided to 82 pediatricians in private clinics of Jeonbuk province. From April to June, 2002, 63 of 82 pediatricians(76.8 %) responded to the survey. Results : The annual proportion of patients with AGI was 13%. The highest proportion of patients with diarrhea were reported for the months of October through December. For the treatment of diarrhea, pediatricians preferred to prescribe lactobacillus products, oral rehydration solution, enzyme products, anti-emetics, anti-diarrheal formula, nothing by mouth(NPO) and bowel movement inhibitors in descending order of frequency. Most pediatricians(79.4%) prescribed antibiotics in less than 20% of patients with AGI. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotics followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Clinical manifestations that pediatricians considered as important factors in prescribing antibiotics were bloody diarrhea, mucoid diarrhea, high fever, persisting disease and abdominal pain. Diagnostic procedures that pediatricians preferred for AGI patients were stool examination(rotavirus antigen, RBC, WBC), abdominal X-ray, and serum electrolytes. Pediatricians had a strong interest in rotavirus vaccine(71.4%). Conclusion : Acute gastrointestinal illness remains a common problem, especially during the winter months in Korea. AGI manifesting as watery diarrhea is appropriately treated with commonly available agents but pediatricians appear ready to consider additional approaches to decrease the sizable disease burden of AGI among children in Korea.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1972

Studies on Pathogenicity of Nosema bombycis Naegeli are summarized as follows: 1. The mortality of the parents, Jam 103 and Jam 104, is remarkbly higher than that of the hybrid, Jam 103$\times$Jam 104, whereas there is no difference in the mortality between the parents. 3. In the mortality of the pathogen-concentration, it is increased in order of the following concentrations inoculated, 10$^{8}$ , 10$^{7}$ , 10$^{8}$ and 10$^{5}$ /ml. 3. In the mortality of each instar, it is high in order of 5th, 4th, 3rd, and 2nd instar. 4. In the interaction between the mortalities of the varieties and the concentrations, 1) The mortality shows no differences between the parents and the hybrid in the high concentration of 10$^{8}$ /ml. 2) The mortality of the hybrid is lower than that of the parents in the low concentration of 10$^{5}$ /ml, whereas no difference is found between the parents. 3) The interaction appears at the same level in the middle concentration of 10$^{6}$ /ml to the parents and of 10$^{7}$ /ml to the hybrid. 5. It was pointed out that active immunity depends upon the volume of antigen injection, immunizing period, and injection intervals. In this experiment, it is noticed that the optimum volume of injection is above 20ml and D is the best one of the four treatment (A.B.C.D.). 6. The immune sera indicate such a 12,800 high titer in the indirect method can be obtained from the D immunizing method. Silkworm tissues and N. bombycis spores show self-fluorescence, but it is able to distinguish it from the F.I.T.C. by using the U.V. filter. 7. The midgut epithelium is examined to be the first site of the tissues which are penetrated into and multiplied by the inoculation of the pathogen per os.