• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.283-294
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• 2022

In this study, a new seismic retrofit scheme of building structures is developed by combining a steel moment frame and steel slit plates to be installed inside of an existing reinforced concrete frame. This device has the energy dissipation capability of slit dampers with slight loss of stiffness compared to the conventional steel frame reinforcement method. In order to investigate the seismic performance of the retrofit system, it was installed inside of a reinforced concrete frame and tested under cyclic loading. Finite element analysis was carried out for validation of the test results, and it was observed that the analysis and the test results match well. An analytical model was developed to apply the retrofit system to a commercial software to be used for seismic retrofit design of an example structure. The effectiveness of the retrofit scheme was investigated through nonlinear time-history response analysis (NLTHA). The cyclic loading test showed that the steel frame with slit dampers provides significant increase in strength and ductility to the bare structure. According to the analysis results of a case study building, the proposed system turned out to be effective in decreasing the seismic response of the model structure below the given target limit state.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권6호
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• pp.677-689
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• 2022

Generally, the goal of seismic retrofit design of an existing structure using energy dissipation devices is to determine the optimum design parameters of a retrofit device to satisfy a specified limit state with minimum cost. However, the presence of multiple parameters to be optimized and the computational complexity of performing non-linear analysis make it difficult to find the optimal design parameters in the realistic 3D structure. In this study, genetic algorithm-based optimal seismic retrofit methods for determining the required number, yield strength, and location of steel slit dampers are proposed to retrofit an asymmetric soft first-story structure. These methods use a multi-objective and single-objective evolutionary algorithms, each of which varies in computational complexity and incorporates nonlinear time-history analysis to determine seismic performance. Pareto-optimal solutions of the multi-objective optimization are found using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). It is demonstrated that the developed multi-objective optimization methods can determine the optimum number, yield strength, and location of dampers that satisfy the given limit state of a three-dimensional asymmetric soft first-story structure. It is also shown that the single-objective distribution method based on minimizing plan-wise stiffness eccentricity turns out to produce similar number of dampers in optimum locations without time consuming nonlinear dynamic analysis.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1337-1353
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• 2015

Seismic upgrading of existing structures is a technical and social issue aimed at risk reduction. Sustainable design is one of the most important challenges in any structural project. Nowadays, many retrofit strategies are feasible and several traditional and innovative options are available to engineers. Basically, the design strategy can lead to increase structural ductility, strength, or both of them, but also stiffness regulation and supplemental damping are possible strategies to reduce seismic vulnerability. Each design solution has different technical and economical performances. In this paper, four different design solutions are presented for the retrofit of an existing RC frame with poor concrete quality and inadequate reinforcement detailing. The considered solutions are based on FRP wrapping of the existing structural elements or alternatively on new RC shear walls introduction. This paper shows the comparison among the considered design strategies in order to select the suitable solution, which reaches the compromise between the obtained safety level and costs during the life-cycle of the building. Each solution is worked out by considering three different levels of seismic demand. The structural capacity of the considered retrofit solutions is assessed with nonlinear static analysis and the seismic performance is evaluated with the capacity spectrum method.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

Based on the nonlinear static analysis and the approximate seismic evaluation method adopted in "Guidelines for seismic performance evaluation for existing buildings, two methods to calculate strength demand for retrofitting individual structural walls in unreinforced masonry buildings are proposed." The displacement coefficient method to determine displacement demand from nonlinear static analysis results is used for the inverse calculation of overall strength demand required to reduce the displacement demand to a target value meeting the performance objective of the unreinforced masonry building to retrofit. A preliminary seismic evaluation method to screen out vulnerable buildings, of which detailed evaluation is necessary, is utilized to calculate overall strength demand without structural analysis based on the difference between the seismic demand and capacity. A system modification factor is introduced to the preliminary seismic evaluation method to reduce the strength demand considering inelastic deformation. The overall strength demand is distributed to the structural walls to retrofit based on the wall stiffness, including the remaining walls or otherwise. Four detached residential houses are modeled and analyzed using the nonlinear static and preliminary evaluation procedures to examine the proposed method.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권1호통권41호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

도로교의 내진설계기준이 국내에 도입되어 적용된 것은 10여년에 불과하므로 아직 많은 교량에 내진성능 보강이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 받침이 노후된 교량의 내진성능 보강방법으로서 적층고무받침으로 교체하는 방법의 타당성에 관하여 논하였다. 이를 위하여 내진상세가 없는 실물크기 RC교각 시험체를 제작하고 POT받침, 적층고무받침(RB), 납-적층고무받침(LRB)를 각각 설치하였다. 유사동적 실험을 통하여 이들 시험체의 지진시 거동을 모사하고 성능을 비교하였다. 실험결과로부터 제안된 내진보강기법의 타당성을 확인하였다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2010

There has been tighten up the need of seismic retrofit about 31 public facilites since published "Korean Earthquake Damage Prevention Law". Therefore, seismic studies have been developed and enforced the studies. Measuring dynamic stiffness of subsurface materials influence on seismic performance evaluation to build up seismic retrofit. The soil dynamic properties for seismic performance evaluation are N-value from using SPT(standard penetration test), dynamic shear elastic modulus and dynamic deformation modulus using laboratory tests. The most unscientific element in ground dynamic properties involved uncertainties is obviously N-value using SPT. This study shows that effect of N-value included natural and artificial uncertainties to seismic performance evaluation of ground structures is not only approached probabilistic analysis using FOSM method and tornado diagram, but also review how to spread effect of seismic performance evaluation of ground structures.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.491-497
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• 2007

본 연구에서는, FRP 피복 보강에 의한 철근콘크리트 구조물의 변위-기반 내진성능설계 기법을 제시하였다. FRP 피복 콘크리트 부재에 대한 비선형 휨 해석을 위한 정밀 예측을 위하여 콘크리트 및 FRP 복합재료의 다축 구성관계를 고려한 해석 모델을 제시하였다. FRP 피복 보강에 의한 내진성능설계를 위하여 기존 철근콘크리트 구조물에 적용하던 변위계수법에 의한 방법을 개선하여 성능 개선 부재의 FRP 보강 두께 결정을 위한 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 대상부재의 성능 개선 설계 적용을 통하여, 본 연구에서 제시된 방법은 성능 개선 설계에 적용하는데 쉽고 용이할 뿐만 아니라 성능 개선된 부재에 대한 비선형 지진 성능 거동을 추정하는데도 실용적인 것으로 평가된다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the seismic retrofit performance for a reinforced concrete structure with steel damper. The nonlinear static analysis of the RC frame specimens with and without retrofit using the steel damper was conducted and the reliability of the analysis was verified by comparing the analysis and test results. Using this analysis model and method, additional nonlinear analysis was conducted considering varying stiffness and strength ratios between RC frame and steel damper and the failure mode of RC frame. As the result of the study, the total absorbed energy increased and the damage of RC frame was reduced as stiffness and strength ratios increased. The seismic retrofit performance, evaluated by means of the yield strength, increasing ratio of the absorbed energy and damage of the frame, increased linear proportionally with the increase of the strength ratio. In addition, the seismic retrofit performance was stable for stiffness ratios larger than 4~5. The energy absorption capacity of the frame governed by shear failure was better than that of the frame governed by flexure failure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.563-577
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• 2022

This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of a new seismic enhancement method for existing reinforced concrete (RC) frames by using an external sub-structure, the hybrid seismic retrofit method (HSRM) system. This retrofit system is an H-shaped frame bolt-connected to an existing RC frame with an infilled-concrete layer between their gaps. Two RC frames were built, one with and one without HSRM, and tested under cyclic loading. The experimental findings showed that the retrofitted RC frame was superior to the non-retrofitted specimen in terms of initial stiffness, peak load, and energy dissipation capacity. A numerical simulation using a commercial program was employed for verification with the experiments. The results obtained from the simulations were consistent with those from the experiments, indicating the finite element (FE) models can simulate the seismic behaviors of bare RC frame and retrofitted RC frame using HSRM.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 교량의 내진보강방안을 합리적으로 결정하기 위하여 기존교량 및 보강된 교량의 지진하중에 대한 손상가능성을 이용하여 보강에 따른 내진성능 향상효과를 분석하였다. 교량의 내진보강에 따른 효과는 기존교량 및 보강된 교량에 대해 평가된 보강우선순위의 변화를 통하여 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 선행적으로 교량의 사용수명동안에 발생가능한 지진하중에 의한 지진취약부위의 손상확률과 손상으로 인해 예상되는 총 손실비용에 근거한 지진취약부위별 가중치를 이용하여 교량별 내진보강 우선순위를 결정할 수 있는 평가기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 평가기법의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 다른 형식을 갖는 4개의 PSC 거더교를 대상으로 내진보강 우선순위를 평가하였다. 또한 각 지진취약부위별로 내진 보강된 교량에 대해 재평가된 순위지수를 기존교량에 대해 평가된 결과와 비교함으로써 각 교량별로 적용된 보강기법의 적합성을 검토하였다. 기존교량 및 보강된 교량에 대한 모의분석결과로부터 적용된 보강방안에 따라 해당취약부위의 손상가능성은 상당히 감소될 수 있으나 반면에 인접한 지진취약부위의 손상가능성은 증가되는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 기존교량에 대한 합리적인 보강방안을 결정하기 위해서는 내진보강에 따른 교량의 전체적인 거동특성변화에 따른 보강효과분석이 필수적으로 요구되며, 이는 본 연구에서 제안한 내진보강 우선순위 평가기법에 따라 기존교량 및 보강된 교량의 보강우선순위를 평가, 비교함으로써 효과적으로 수행될 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.