• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.269-284
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• 2016

Simplified techniques based on in situ testing methods are commonly used to assess seismic liquefaction potential. Many of these simplified methods were developed by analyzing liquefaction case histories from which the liquefaction boundary (limit state) separating two categories (the occurrence or non-occurrence of liquefaction) is determined. As the liquefaction classification problem is highly nonlinear in nature, it is difficult to develop a comprehensive model using conventional modeling techniques that take into consideration all the independent variables, such as the seismic and soil properties. In this study, a modification of the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach based on Logistic Regression (LR) LR_MARS is used to evaluate seismic liquefaction potential based on actual field records. Three different LR_MARS models were used to analyze three different field liquefaction databases and the results are compared with the neural network approaches. The developed spline functions and the limit state functions obtained reveal that the LR_MARS models can capture and describe the intrinsic, complex relationship between seismic parameters, soil parameters, and the liquefaction potential without having to make any assumptions about the underlying relationship between the various variables. Considering its computational efficiency, simplicity of interpretation, predictive accuracy, its data-driven and adaptive nature and its ability to map the interaction between variables, the use of LR_MARS model in assessing seismic liquefaction potential is promising.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.727-747
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• 2008

In the framework of the SPEAR (Seismic PErformance Assessment and Rehabilitation) research Project, an under-designed three storey RC frame structure, designed to sustain only gravity loads, was subjected, in three different configurations 'as-built', Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) retrofitted and rehabilitated by reinforced concrete (RC) jacketing, to a series of bi-directional pseudodynamic (PsD) tests under different values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) (from a minimum of 0.20g to a maximum of 0.30g). The seismic deficiencies exhibited by the 'as-built' structure after the test at PGA level of 0.20g were confirmed by a post - test assessment of the structural seismic capacity performed by a nonlinear static pushover analysis implemented on the structure lumped plasticity model. To improve the seismic performance of the 'as-built' structure', two rehabilitation interventions by using either FRP laminates or RC jacketing were designed. Assumptions for the analytical modeling, design criteria and calculation procedures along with local and global intervention measures and their installation details are herein presented and discussed. Nonlinear static pushover analyses for the assessment of the theoretical seismic capacity of the structure in each retrofitted configuration were performed and compared with the experimental outcomes.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 실제 교량에 지진격리장치를 적용하였을 때, 교량의 내진성능을 평가하기 위한 지진해석과 모델링 방법에 대하여 논하였다. 상용유한요소 해석 프로그램을 이용하여 비선형 시간이력 해석을 수행하였으며, 지진해석을 위하여 El Centro 지진 이력을 (1940, N00W) 사용하였다. 기존 받침을 적용한 경우와 여러 가지 지진격리장치를 적용한 경우로 나누어 해석하였으며, 교량의 변위와 교각의 변형 및 교각 하단부의 전단력과 모멘트를 상대 비교하였다. 해석 결과 지진격리 장치를 사용한 경우 기존 받침을 적용한 교량보다 지진시 거동이 훨씬 안정적으로 나타났으며, 특히 StLRB를 적용한 경우 받침의 마찰과 STU의 강절거동 효과로 인하여 보다 높은 지진력 감소효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.147-162
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• 2010

The ground acceleration measured at a point on the earth's surface is composed of several waves that have different phase velocities, arrival times, amplitudes, and frequency contents. For instance, body waves contain primary and secondary waves that have high frequency content and reach the site first. Surface waves are composed of Rayleigh and Love waves that have lower phase velocity, lower frequency content and reach the site next. Some of these waves could be of more damage to the structure depending on their frequency content and associated amplitude. This paper models critical earthquake loads for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) inelastic structures considering evolution of the seismic waves in time and frequency. The ground acceleration is represented as combination of seismic waves with different characteristics. Each seismic wave represents the energy of the ground motion in certain frequency band and time interval. The amplitudes and phase angles of these waves are optimized to produce the highest damage in the structure subject to explicit constraints on the energy and the peak ground acceleration and implicit constraints on the frequency content and the arrival time of the seismic waves. The material nonlinearity is modeled using bilinear inelastic law. The study explores also the influence of the properties of the seismic waves on the energy demand and damage state of the structure. Numerical illustrations on modeling critical earthquake excitations for one-storey inelastic frame structures are provided.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2021

Conditional spectra (CS) are applied to the seismic fragility assessment of a nuclear power plant (NPP) containment building for comparison with a relevant conventional uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS). Three different control frequencies are considered in developing conditional spectra. The contribution of diverse magnitudes and epicentral distances is identified from deaggregation for the UHRS at a control frequency and incorporated into the conditional spectra. A total of 30 ground motion records are selected and scaled to simulate the probability distribution of each conditional spectra, respectively. A set of lumped mass stick models for the containment building are built considering nonlinear bending and shear deformation and uncertainty in modeling parameters using the Latin hypercube sampling technique. Incremental dynamic analysis is conducted for different seismic input models in order to estimate seismic fragility functions. The seismic fragility functions and high confidence of low probability of failure (HCLPF) are calculated for different seismic input models and analyzed comparatively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-380
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• 2023

This study evaluates the seismic fragilities in fill slopes in South Korea through parametric finite element analyses that have been barely investigated thus far. We consider three slope geometries for a slope of height 10 m and three slope angles, and two soil types, namely frictional and frictionless, associated with two soil states, loose and dense for frictional soils and soft and stiff for frictionless soils. The input ground motions accounting for four site conditions in South Korea are obtained from one-dimensional site response analyses. By comparing the numerical modeling of slopes using PLAXIS^2D against the previous studies, we compiled suites of the maximum permanent slope displacement (D_max) against two ground motion parameters, namely, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Arias Intensity (I_A). A probabilistic seismic demand model is adopted to compute the probabilities of exceeding three limit states (minor, moderate, and extensive). We propose multiple seismic fragility curves as functions of a single ground motion parameter and numerous seismic fragility surfaces as functions of two ground motion parameters. The results show that soil type, slope angle, and input ground motion influence these probabilities, and are expected to help regional authorities and engineers assess the seismic fragility of fill slopes in the road systems in South Korea.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2023

Fast-built construction is a key feature for successful applications of precast concrete (PC) moment frame system in recent construction practices. To this end, by introducing some unique splicing details in precast connections, especially between PC columns including panel zones, use of temporary supports and bracings can be minimized based on their self-sustaining nature. In addition, precast wide beams are commonly adopted for better economic feasibility. In this study, three self-sustaining precast concrete (PC) wide beam-column connection specimens were fabricated and tested under reversed cyclic loadings, and their seismic performances were quantitatively evaluated in terms of strength, ductility, failure modes, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation. Test results were compared with ASCE 41-17 nonlinear modeling curves and its corresponding acceptance criteria. On this basis, an improved macro modeling method was explored for a more accurate simulation. It appeared that all the test specimens fully satisfy the acceptance criteria, but the implicit joint model recommended in ASCE 41-17 tends to underestimate the joint shear stiffness of PC wide beam-column connection. While, the explicit joint model along with concentrated plastic hinge modeling technique is able to present better accuracy in simulating the cyclic responses of PC wide beam-column connections.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2010

석유와 가스 등 지하자원 탐사를 위한 탄성파 탐사자료의 처리 및 해석에 있어서 이방성에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 중합 및 구조보정 등 자료처리과정에 필요한 탄성파 속도를 등방성이라고 가정하였으나 실제 지하지질의 속도구조는 이방성을 가지는 경우를 흔히 볼 수 있는데, 특히 셰일층 또는 파쇄 및 절리 등 균열이 발달된 탄산염 저류층에서 이방성 특성을 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 합성수지인 베이클라이트로 만든 VTI매질을 대상으로 탄성파 축소모형실험을 이용하여 탄성파 이방성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 탄성파 모형실험에서 등방성 재료는 입사각의 변화에도 불구하고 속도가 항상 일정하지만, 이방성 매질의 경우 측정 방향 및 입사각에 따라 탄성파 P파 및 S파의 속도가 변화하였다. 측정된 탄성파 속도는 군속도로 추정되며 군속도로부터 구한 탄성계수를 이용하여 이방성계수인 ${\varepsilon}$, ${\delta}$, ${\gamma}$를 성공적으로 파악할 수 있었다. 이방성매질에서는 이론적으로 계산된 위상속도와 측정된 탄성파속도는 비교적 잘 일치하였으며, 또한 qP, qS, SH파의 위상속도를 slowness surface에서 나타내면 측정 매질에 대한 이방성 특성이 잘 표현되었다. S파의 경우 매질과 송수신기의 측정 방향에 따라 서로 다른 두 개의 횡파가 분극특성을 나타내며 전파됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.225-242
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• 2016

암석 물리(rock physics)는 암석의 물성과 탄성파 자료의 정량적인 연결 고리로서 저류암 특성화와 모니터링 등에 적용되는 중요한 도구이다. 암석 물리를 기반으로 시추공 검층 자료로부터 공극 유체와 구성 성분이 다양한 암석의 성질을 대표하는 유효 탄성 계수(effective elastic constants)를 모델링하여 탄성파 자료에 적용함으로서 탄성파 자료전체에 대한 저류암 분포와 공극 유체를 유추할 수 있다. 본 보고에서는 먼저 Voigt, Reuss, Hashin-Shtrikman의 유효 탄성 계수 한계값과 Gassmann 방정식을 이용한 유체 치환에 대해서 설명한 후에 공극률이 비교적 높은 저류 사암에 널리 적용되는 접촉(contact) 암석 물리 모델들을 소개했다. 그리고 접촉 암석 물리 모델 중에서 분포 깊이가 어느 정도 일정하고 공극률이 비교적 높은 사암에 적합한 것으로 알려진 일정 교결량(constant-cement) 모델을 북해 유전의 검층 자료에 적용하여 암석 물리 견본(rock physics template)을 완성했다. 마지막으로 이 암석 물리 견본과 현장 2D 탄성파 자료의 중합전 역산 결과로부터 이 유전의 저류암과 덮개암, 공극 유체 분포를 예측해 보았다.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2000년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall 2000
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• pp.372-380
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• 2000

Seismic forces for member design of bridges may be determined by modifying elastic member forces induced by design earthquakes using appropriate response modification factors according to national design code of bridges. Modeling of soil/foundation system is one of the critical parameter in the process of elastic seismic analysis of bridge system which greatly affects on the analysis results. In this paper, a simplified modelling procedure of soil/foundation system which gives practically reasonable results is presented and its applicability has been validated through example bridge. Based on the results, it has been shown that the procedure is acceptable in modelling soil/foundation system for practical seismic analysis of bridges.