• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.190-193
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• 2005

Hemp is cultivated to produce fiber and seeds for extracting vegetable oil. This study was carried out to obtain reliable data on fatty acid profile including ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid (GLA) in seeds of hemp accessions with regard to suitability for both human nutrition and pharmaceutical purposes. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid including ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid were high but saturated fatty acid including palmitic acid were low in the seeds of hemp accessions, perilla and evening primrose. The ratio of GLA in fatty acid profile of evening primrose and hemp seeds were 12.5% and 2.1 %, respectively but not detected in perilla seeds. In the fatty acid profile of hemp seeds accessions, the range and coefficient of variation of GLA were $0.8%{\sim}3.8%$ and 42.9%, respectively which are highest among the fatty acid. Among the major characteristics and fatty acid ratios, flowering date and ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid showed highly positive correlation but not showed any significant correlation between THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) and any fatty acids. Among the fatty acid ratios, negative correlation were showed between palmitic acid and ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid, and showed highly negative correlation between oleic acid and ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid. The accessions of high GLA ratio were originated from Europe including Central Russia, and were short in flowering date and stem height.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 1986

In order to identify the physiological maturity and to determine the proper time of harvesting as fresh seed for cooking with rice and germination ability according to the harvesting time in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), this experiment was conducted. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The length and width of pods became maximum size on 10 days after flowering(DAF) and thickness of them increased to 14 DAF and then decreased to 18 DAF. 2. The weight of pod wall reached the maximum on 14 DAF, the thickness of them increased to 8 DAF and decreased to 18 DAF and it was stabilized. 3. The length and thickness of the seeds became larger to 10 DAF, were not changed from 10 DAF to 16 DAF and then decreased after 16 DAF. 4. The seeds coloured 2 days earlier than the pod wall on 8 DAF and the grade increased by degrees to 16 DAF. 5. The moisture content of seeds and pod wall started to decrease on 8 DAF and the moisture content of pod wall was higher than that of seeds in the middle stage but the condition changed after 18 DAF. 6. When the weight of seeds reached the maximum on 16 DAF, the moisture content of them was 54.5%. 7. The content of total nitrogen, phosphate and oil decreased but the carbohydrate increased by degrees along the passing of DAF. The silicic acid did not exist and K$_2$O, CaO, MgO, protein etc. existed but did not show regular tendency. 8. The physiological maturity was 16 DAF and the proper time of harvesting as fresh seed for cooking with rice was 12 DAF to 16 DAF. 9. Germination was possible after 10 DAF but we could get the normal roots from the seeds harvested after 14 DAF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2016

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) seed extract (GTSE) was prepared under various pretreatment conditions and used to investigate its extraction yield and anti-yeast activity. Anti-yeast activity of GTSE from seeds with or without the coats was the same, whereas the extraction yield was slightly higher in extract from seeds without the coat. Anti-yeast activity of GTSE from seeds with different water contents or particle sizes was the same, whereas the extraction yield was highest in extract from seeds with 7.3% moisture or a smaller particle size. Anti-yeast activity of defatted green tea seed extract (DGTSE) was the same as that of GTSE. Extraction yield was higher in DGTSE from defatted seeds by the oil press machine compared to hexane extraction. Defatted green tea seed (DGTS), a by-product from the oil extraction process, is a good natural source of anti-yeast preservative. The extraction yield and anti-yeast activity of DGTSE were investigated using various extraction solvents, temperatures, and times. The results show that water was an economic extraction solvent, and anti-yeast activity of DGTSE was unstable at $90^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that water, extraction temperature of $50^{\circ}C$, and extraction time of 4 h were the most efficient for extraction of anti-yeast compounds from DGTS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.184.1-184.1
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1990

Two experiments were conducted to assess the use of full-fat canola seed and restored oil meal plus oil of canola in the ration for broiler chicks. In the first experiment, broilers received diets containing 10% heated or non-heated full-fat canola seed and conola oil meal mixed with corresponding oil or animal fat. In the second experiment, broiler diets contained 10 or 20% of canola seed and canoia meal mixed with canola oil. Heat treatment of full-fat canola seed and the types of fat mixed with meals had no significant effect on all of broiler performance and nutrient retention parameters investigated. Bioilers consuming 10 to 20% dietary canola seed or mixture of canola meal plus oil performed as well as the control birds. It is concluded that the canola seed or the mixture of restored canola meal plus oil or fat can be well utilized by broiler at dietary levels of 10 to 20%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2011

This study was carried out to find optimum roasting condition of sesame seeds for making seed season and oil treated with different temperatures and time intervals. Sesame seeds with 17~18% of moisture content were treated under fixed and changed roasting temperature conditions. The fixed temperatures are ranged from 160 to $240^{\circ}C$ with $20^{\circ}C$ intervals. The changed temperatures were treated at low(160 and $180^{\circ}C$) and medium(200 and $220^{\circ}C$) for 10 minutes, and at high(220 and $240^{\circ}C$) for 3 minutes. Meanwhile, roasting times were 20-30 minutes longer under low temperature condition and 3-5 minutes shorter under high temperature condition. The optimum roasting temperature and time were determined as $220^{\circ}C$ and 3 minutes for producing seed season, and as $220^{\circ}C$ and 5 minutes for sesame oil, respectively, in roasting with small quantity of sesame seeds. On the other hand, in the large scale roasting condition, those showed $240^{\circ}C$ and 15 minutes in for producing seed season, and $280^{\circ}C$ and 10 minutes and $260^{\circ}C$ and 15 minute for producing seed season in white-colored sesame variety and black-colored sesame variety, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 1993

The antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from defatted perilla flour was investigated by measuring peroxide value of perilla oil during storage at $45^{\circ}C$. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts was also compared with BHA, BHT and tocopherol. Anti-oxidant activity of ethanol extracts was also examined in corn oil and lard. The ethanol extracts contents of defatted perilla flour and the original perilla seed were 7.69 and 4.56% respectively. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts was superior to that of 0.02% BHT, BHA and tocopherol in the perilla oil substrate, merely in concentration of one-twentieth as much as that contained in original perilla oil seeds. The fractions of non-polar solvent (hexane and chloroform) obtained from silicic acid column chromatography are less effective than that of polar solvent as an antioxidant. Antioxidant activity of partially purified ethanol fraction is slightly inferior to that of original crude ethanol extracts. Ethanol extracts were also effective in corn oil and lard almost same as in perilla oil. The total phenolic compound contents of crude ethanol extracts and partially purified ethanol fraction were 9.3, 6.4%, respectively.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2016

Cerbera Odollam (sea mango) is a proven promising feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its high oil content. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced as the final reaction product in the transesterification reflux condensation reaction of sea mango oil and methyl acetate (MA). Potassium methoxide was used as catalyst to study its reacting potential as a homogeneous base catalyst. The initial part of this project studied the optimum conditions to extract crude sea mango oil. It was found that the content of sea mango sea mango oil was 55%. This optimum amount was obtained by using 18 g of grinded sea mango seeds in 250 ml hexane. The extraction was carried out for 24 hours using solvent extraction method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the reaction. The three manipulated variables in this reaction were the reaction time, oil to solvent molar ratio, and catalyst wt%. The optimum condition for this reaction determined was 5 hours reaction time, 0.28 wt% of catalyst and 1:35 mol/mol of oil: solvent molar ratio. A series of test were conducted on the final FAME product of this study, namely the FTIR test, GC-FID, calorimeter bomb and viscometer test.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.720-728
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• 2000

The different products of neem (Azadirachta indica) are utilized for variety of purposes in industry, health and animal agriculture in the Indian subcontinent. The cake from seeds after oil extraction is a good source of nutrients (CP: 35-38%; EE: 4.5-5.5%; CF: 12-15%; Ca: 0.75%; P: 0.45% on DM), and in particular, the one out of its kernel is proteinaceous and is relatively balanced in its amino acid and mineral profile. But the cake is toxic and bitter to taste owing to triterpenoids (nimbin, salannin, azadirachtin), which restricts its safe inclusion in livestock diet. Several feeding trials with raw cake have revealed poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock and poultry. Internal organ changes included histological alteration in intestine, liver, kidney and distruption of spermatogenesis and ovarian activity. Ruminants appears to tolerate reasonably higher levels of the cake and to a limited low levels of dietary inclusion also proved to be tolerable in monogastric farm animals. Debitterization through solvent (hexane, ether) extraction, water washing, alkali (NaOH, 1.5, 2.5 or 3%, wt/wt) soaking and urea (1.5 or 3%, wt/wt) - ammoniation have been tried with appreciable success in improving the palatability and nutritive value of the cake. For enhanced utilization, decortication of neem seeds is to be done effectively at industrial level with maximum oil recovery. The resultant proteinaceous kernel by-product could be a cheaper unconventional protein supplement after suitable processing.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2015

Xanthoceras sorbifolium is considered as bio-energy crops owing to the high oil content from kernel. This study was performed to analyze calorific value, crude ash content, ultimate ratio, crude lipid and fatty acid composition among seed sources. Calorific values ranged from $4,526.0\;cal\;g^{-1}$ to $7,377.2\;cal\;g^{-1}$ in seeds and kernels showed the highest value. Calorific values and crude ash contents were observed as significant difference among plantations and/or individuals (p>0.05). Kernel from SD-F plantation showed the highest calorific value and lower crude ash content. C content comprised 63.4%, the highest levels was detected from SD-F (64.8%). Crude lipid content in kernel observed as 54.5 g $100\;g^{-1}$ from SD-F. In contrast it was determined the lowest value from LN-JARS as 46.5 g $100\;g^{-1}$. The fatty acid composition of kernel was determined to those of oleic acid (31.3%) and linoleic acid (38.1%) from SD-F and LN-JARS. These results will be offered to useful information for breeding materials selection.