• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.317-323
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to explore the growth characteristics by growing stage in the containerized seedling and the bare root seedling of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc., which is the major plantation species of Korean southland. The height growth of 1-year-old bare root seedlings was better than containerized seedlings, which grew in the containers with capacity of 31.2 mL and 300 mL. The root collar diameter growth was the best in the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. The 2-year-old bare root seedlings were surveyed to be better in the height and root collar diameter growth than the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. In the comparison of dry mass production, it was the highest in 32 mL containerized seedlings as for 1-year-old above ground and in 300 mL containerized seedlings as for below-ground and total dry mass production. In case of 2-year-old seedlings, it was indicated to be high in bare root seedling as for the part above ground and in dry mass production of the containerized seedling as for the part below ground. In the comparison on root morphological traits of seedlings such as the total root length, the root project area, the root surface area, the average diameter in root, and the root volume, all of 1 and 2-year -old containerized seedlings showed the higher growth than the bare root seedlings except the average diameter in root. Synthesizing the results of this experiment, the containerized seedlings are relatively excellent in root development compared to bare root seedlings in the process of producing seedlings of C. obtusa, thereby being judged to have grown into excellent seedlings.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2009

This study was carried to investigate effects of optimum supply strengths of 'Sonneveld' nutrient solution on growth characteristics in container seedling of trees (Pinus densiflora, Torreya nucifera, Quercus acutissina and Fraxinus mandshurica) using developed media with used-rockwool. Flesh weight, height and trunk diameter in container seedling of Torreya nucifera were better in high strengths. In container seed ling of Torreya nucifera, flesh weight more increased in 1.5 and 3.0 strengths and hight and trunk diameter more increased in 1.5 strength than the rest. Flesh weight in container seedling of Quercus acutissina was heaviest in 2.0 strength and was lightest in 1.0 strength. Height and dry weight in 2.0 and 3.0 strengths and trunk diameter and total chlorophyll in 2.0 strength were better than in the rest. Besides photosynthesis rate was more high in 1.5 and 2.0 strengths than in the rest. In container seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica, flesh weight, height and trunk diameter more increased in 0.5 strength and total chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate were good in 0.5 and 2.0 strengths. Most growth characteristics were poor in 3.0 strength.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2019

Background: Oplopanax elatus is widely distributed at high altitudes (about 1,100 m) in China, Russia and Korea. It is hard to propagate, breed, and difficult to grow. Hence, it has been designated as a rare and endangered medicinal plant. A study was conducted to establish a system for large scale seedling production of Oplopanax elatus in vitro and to find the ideal environment for its seedling growth. Methods and Results: In this study, the explants produced under in vitro conditions during our previous study were grouped into three categories (under 10 mm, 10 mm - 30 mm and above 30 mm) based on plant height and were transferred to the growth-chamber and greenhouse for two weeks in each setting for acclimatization. The plantlet category of above 30 mm showed good performance, and was further evaluated under three acclimatization methods as follows: three different growth media (commercial soil, commercial soil + perlite, commercial soil + sand), four shading levels (0%, 50%, 70%, 90%) and four altitude levels (157 m, 218 m, 601 m, 870 m) in Gangwon province of South Korea. As results, O. elatus seedlings showed better growth characteristics at 870 m of altitude, 70% shading level and in the commercial soil compared to other treatments. Conclusions: The regenerated seedlings of Oplopanax elatus obtained through plant tissue culture would be advantageous for use in large scale seedling production systems paired with a good acclimation method. For obtaining optimal results, it is recommended that seedling be acclimatized in a high altitude environment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the germination and seedling characteristics of rice varieties grown under various flooding conditions and different temperature and oxygen levels and to identify germplasm suitable for wet direct seeding. Three anaerobic germination tolerant (AGT) genotypes (PBR, WD3, KHO) and eleven Korean rice varieties (KVs) adapted for direct seeding were evaluated for seedling performance under different temperatures (15, 18, 21, and 24℃ ) and oxygen levels (Low, Normal, High). Compared with the KVs, the AGT genotypes (especially KHO and PBR) exhibited relatively high germination and survival rates and coleoptile and radical growth rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions, thereby indicating their suitability for wet direct seeding. Among the KVs, 'Dongan,' 'Jungan,' and 'Cheongdam' rice exhibited the highest survival rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions. Three-way ANOVA indicated that temperature had the greater effects on seedling characteristics (43.2-78.0%) than either oxygen level (15.4-37.5%) or genotype (2.0-29.8%) did. Therefore, in direct seeding cultivation, temperature was the most important environmental factor for seedling establishment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 2013

Field performance of somatic plants (somatic embryo derived-plants) of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) produced from somatic embryogenesis was compared with that of seedlings at age 5. In comparison of photosynthetic rate (seedling, $10.67{\mu}mol$ $CO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, $9.04{\mu}mol$ $CO_2m^{-2}s^{-1}$), stomatal conductance rate (seedling, 0.2 $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, 0.166 $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$) and respiration rate (seedling, 1.71 mmol $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$; somatic plant, 1.513 mmol $H_2Om^{-2}s^{-1}$), no significant differences were found between plants. The seedlings were a little higher in comparison of stomatal density (seedling, $23.33/mm^2$; somatic plant, $22.43/mm^2$), length (seedling, $25.83{\mu}m$; somatic plant, $23.46{\mu}m$) and width (seedling, $15.87{\mu}m$; somatic plant, $15.3{\mu}m$). In comparison of DNA content of the leaves using flow cytometry, no differences in ploidy level were found between the seedlings and somatic plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.719-726
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• 2016

The effect of high and low temperatures on seedling quality while raising of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings, and their early development after planting was investigated. The control raising seedling temperature (RST) was $23^{\circ}C$; high temperature, $31^{\circ}C$; and low temperature, $15^{\circ}C$ throughout the raising seedling period. At $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves, and seedling leaf area were significantly lower than those at $23^{\circ}C$. At 4 weeks after planting, seedling's growth characteristics showed a similar pattern. Compared to $23^{\circ}C$, seedlings raised at $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ had an increased dry weight and leaf area per unit time after planting than during the seedling raising period. At 4 weeks after planting, crop growth rate and leaf area index were unaffected by RST, and relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at RSTs of $15^{\circ}C$ and $31^{\circ}C$ were higher than those those at RST of $23^{\circ}C$. At an RST of $15^{\circ}C$, growth speed and net assimilation rates were higher after planting than before planting, according to increased photosynthetic rate. Thus, high and low temperatures during the seedling raising period significantly reduced seedling growth and plant growth after planting. After planting, seedlings raised at $15^{\circ}C$ recovered more quickly than did those raised at $31^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.534-538
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• 1997

Some physiological characteristics and cultivar differences of winter barley to salt stress were studied during seedling stage. Salt stress was caused by adding NaCl solution to the pot culture soil. Measurements of the responses to salt stress and of the responses after relief from stress were done in terms of leaf water potential, chlorophyll and free proline contents, seedling height and seedling dry weight, and survival rate of leaves. Under salt stress ($\Psi_{\pi}$ =-20bar) seedling height and seedling weight were decreased by 2~22% and by 25~39% respectively, showing some differences among cultivars. Chlorophyll contents was decreased by 33~49%, and free proline content was remarkably increased from control 0.2~0.3mg to salt stress 9.6~14.7mg. The leaf water potential of seedling grown under salt stress with NaCl solution($\Psi_{\pi}$ =-10 or -20bar) was decreased from control -3.3bar to salt stress -9.0bar or -16.2bar respectively but there were no large differences among cultivars with time after relief from salt stress. Leaf survival rate was high in order of Baegdong, Milyang12, Olbori, Durubori and Hyangmaeg, and decrease rate of seedling dry weight was low in the order of Baegdong, Olbori, Hyangmaeg, Milyang12, Durubori. The increase in free proline contents was high in the order of Milyang12, Hyangmaeg, Baegdong, Durubori and Olbori.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

The grain rot of caused by Bukholderia glumae was fist reported in japan in 1955 and then reported in other countries as well as in Korea in 1986. The pathogen causes both seedling and grain rot of rice but it cannot attack any other parts of adult rice plant. Bacterial colonies grow slowly, and are circular and greyish white. The causal bacterium is Gram-negative and rod shape with 1-3 polar flagella, and produce a diffusible yellow-greenish nonfluorescent pigment on King's medium B. Biochemical characteristics such as negative in arginine dehydrolase, oxidase reaction and nitrate reduction and positive in lecithinase, and the utilization of L-arginine and inositol are useful in differentiation of this from other nonfluorescent bacteria pathogenic to rice. This pathogenic bacterium had belonged to the genus of Pseudomonas but recently was transferred to the new genus Burkholderia on the basis of physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data. However, other characteristics such as colony heterogenicity or colonial variation after subcultures, phytotoxin, secreting antibiotics, and relationship between yellow greenish pigment production and pathogenicity need to be clarified more. To develop an effective control strategy for this disease, understanding of detailed life cycle of the disease and critical environmental factors affecting disease development is prerequisite. Although 5,435 ha of rice paddy in Korea was infested during 1998, there is no exact estimation of yield losses and distribution of the pathogen. The review will focus on recent progress on the understanding of the bacteriological and ecological characteristics of the causal bacterium and control means of the disease.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.spc
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• pp.19-23
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the yield and grain quality as affected by rice seedling age in late transplanted rice. The rice yield was remarkably reduced in 10 day-old seedlings but those of older seedlings over than 30-day were not different. In the rice quality, as the rice seedling age younger the rate of greened and damaged rice increased, suggesting decreasing of the head rice rate. Among the physicochemical characteristics, protein content of rice grain was increased in 10 day-old seedling but amylose content was not different, consequently, the palatability was improved in older seedlings over than 30-day. From these results, it is more beneficial to machine transplant the older seedlings over than 30-day for delayed transplanting.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.208-208
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• 2017

No-tillage practices are expected to provide several benefits such as increasing soil organic matter, reducing labor time and saving energy cost compared with conventional tillage practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of no-tillage dry-seeding on rice growth and soil properties in comparison with other rice cultivation methods, machine transplanting and wet-hill-seeding on puddled paddy. Rice seedling establishment was slightly higher in no-tillage dry-seeding treatment ($145seedling\;m^{-2}$) than wet-hill-seeding on puddled paddy treatment ($111seedling\;m^{-2}$), but the seedling establishment in both treatments fell within the optimum range for direct seeding rice cultivation. Plant height, number of tillers and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of rice in no-tillage dry-seeding treatment were higher than those of the other treatments. However, no significant differences in grain yield was observed among three cultivation methods, and the yield ranged 5.8 to $5.9ton\;ha^{-1}$. The heading date from seeding under no-tillage dry-seeding treatment was on average 109 days, which was similar to that under machine transplanting treatment (112 days), but 10 days later than that under wet-hill-seeding on puddled paddy treatment (99 days). Grain quality characteristics grown in no-tillage dry-seeding were similar to those grown in the other cultivation methods. These results indicate that no-tillage dry-seeding practice is comparable to conventional tillage system in terms of seedling establishment, growth, yields and grain quality.