• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 2010

Supercritical carbondioxide is very effective in removing oils from a variety of seed matrices, devoid of any appreciable amount of phospholipid content. However, the limited solubility of phosphalipids in supercritical carbondioxide leaves behind a potentially valuable by-product in spent seed matrix. Any phospholipid extraction process from the spent matrix must maintain the structure and the quality of phospholipids and must be compatible with the end use of the seed protein meal an animal feed or for human consumption. An initial supercritical carbondioxide extraction of soybean flakes was performed at 32 MPa and $80^{\circ}C$ to extract the oils, leaving the phospholipids in the deflatted soybean flakes, A second step was performed on the defatted soybean flake using $X_{eth}$=0.10, Varying the pressure from 175 MPa to 70.6 MPa and temperature from $60^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$. For all supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol mixture extractions, a fraction rich in phospholipids was obtained. The fractions extracted from defatted soybean flakes were dried and them redissolved in chloroform before HPLC-ELSD analysis. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phospholipids on soybean seeds, defatted soybean flake, and different extracted phospholipid fractions was carried out, to ascertain the effect of extraction pressure and temperature.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2007

Flax seed(Linseed, Linum usitatissimum L.) and its oil, a richest source of alpha-linolenic acid(ALA)(${\omega}-3$), contain saturated fatty acids, neurotoxic cyanogen glycosides and immuno-suppressive cyclic-nonapeptides. Present paper describes the development of two chemical processes, Process-A and -B, to remove saturated fatty acids and to destroy cyclic nonapeptides and cyanogen glycosides from flax seed oil. Process-A consists of three major steps, i.e., extraction of fatty acid mixture by alkaline saponification, removal of saturated fatty acid by urea-complexation, and triglyceride reconstruction of unsaturated fatty acid via fatty acyl-chloride activation using oxalyl chloride. Process-B consists of preparation of fatty acid ethyl ester by transesterification, elimination of saturated fatty acid ester by urea-complexation, and reconstruction of triglyceride by interesterification with glycerol-triacetate (triacetin). The destruction of lipophilic cyclic nonapeptide during saponification or transesterification processes could be demonstrated indirectly by the disappearance of antibacterial activity of bacitracin, an analogous cyclic-decapeptide. The cyanogen glycosides were found only in the dregs after hexane extraction, but not in the flax seed oil. The reconstructed triglyceride of flax seed oil, obtained by these two different pathways after elimination of saturated fatty acid and toxic components, showed agreeable properties as edible oil in terms of taste, acid value, iodine and peroxide value, glycerine content, and antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.519-526
• /
• 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma treatment on the improvement of seed germination and surface sterilization of ginseng seeds. Methods: Dehisced ginseng (Panax ginseng) seeds were exposed to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma operated in argon (Ar) or an argon/oxygen mixture (Ar/O₂), and the resulting germination and surface sterilization were compared with those of an untreated control group. Bacterial and fungal detection assays were performed for plasma-treated ginseng seeds after serial dilution of surface-washed suspensions. The microbial colonies (fungi and bacteria) were classified according to their phenotypical morphologies and identified by molecular analysis. Furthermore, the effect of cold plasma treatment on the in vitro antifungal activity and suppression of Cylindrocarpon destructans in 4-year-old ginseng root discs was investigated. Results: Seeds treated with plasma in Ar or Ar/O₂ exhibited a higher germination rate (%) compared with the untreated controls. Furthermore, the plasma treatment exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal effects on the seed surface, and the latter effect was stronger than the former. In addition, plasma treatment exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against C. destructans and reduced the disease severity (%) of root rot in 4-year-old ginseng root discs. The results demonstrate the stimulatory effect of plasma treatment on seed germination, surface sterilization, and root rot disease suppression in ginseng. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the cold plasma treatment can suppress the microbial community on the seed surface root rot in ginseng.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.332-337
• /
• 2006

Monodisperse polymer particles were prepared via one-step seeded polymerization using PMMA seed particles and HDDA (or EGDMA) as crosslinking monomer. For the study, the effects of 1) the ratio of the absorbed monomer or monomer mixture to the seed polymer particles (swelling ratio), 2) the ratio of EGDMA in absorbed monomer mixture, 3) the dosage of initiator, and 4) electro less Ni plating on the variation of mechanical properties of monodisperse polymer particles, such as recovery rate, K-values, breaking strength and breaking displacement, were investigated by using MCT (micro compression test). It was observed that monomer swelling ratio influenced only breaking strength, but EGDMA ratio in monomer mixture, dosage of initiator and electroless Ni plating affected both K-values and breaking strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.1212-1219
• /
• 1999

The oils were extracted from the mixture of roasted(for 20 min at 190oC) perilla seeds(RPS) and roasted (commercially) peanuts(RPN) by solvent extraction(SE) and mechanical expression(ME). The effects of mixing ratio on physicochemical characteristics and oxidative stability of their oils were investigated. Yields of both SE and ME oils were increased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased. In all the SE and ME oils, the major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, and total saturated fatty acids increased gradually, but total unsaturated fatty acids decreased gradually as the RPN ratio in the mixture was increased. The specific gravity and refractive index of both SE and ME oils decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture was increased. Acid value, saponification value and iodine value of SE oils decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased, whereas acid value and iodine value of ME oils decreased and saponification value increased. The colors of ME oils were darker brownish than SE oils. The oxidative stability of SE oils was decreased as the RPN ratio in the mixture increased, whereas that of ME oils was increased. Sensory evaluation of all the oils extracted from the mixture with various mixing ratio showed significant differences in flavor, taste, color and overall acceptance(p<0.01). The oil extracted from the mixture of the mixing ratio of 8:2(RPS:RPN) showed slightly higher preference regardless of extraction method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.535-541
• /
• 1996

A seed pelleting technique was developed for easy handling of small tobacco seeds (variety, NC82) and for direct seeding in temperary planting bed or in field. The mixture of pelleting material, binder and seeds were moulded in cylindrical holes sized 2 mm diameter and 2 mm height in a plastic plate. Bentonite and cellulose powder were good materials to make pellets with CMC as binder, and bentonite formed the hardest pelleted seeds among the materials. The number of the pelleted seeds made with the same weight of the materials was different with materials used and the number of seeds contained in a pelleted seed could be controlled by mixture ratio of materials and seeds. The seedless pellets ranged 6.9 to 16.0% at the ratio of pelleting material and seed for 2~3 seeds in a pellet. The moisture absorption rate at 100% RH and $25^{\circ}C$ was greater in the order of clay < bentonite < cellulose. Germination rates of pelleted seeds with bentonite and cellulose were similar to that of usual seed, but it was significantly lower with clay pelleted seeds.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to find out the effects of seed mixture using new domestic grass varieties orchardgrass 'Onnuri' and tall fescue 'Greenmaster' on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2015 to 2018 in oversown hilly pasture, the central northern area of Korea. This experiment was consisted of 4 mixed grasses (Treatment 1 : tall fescue oriented mixture with imported varieties; Treatment 2 : orchardgrass oriented mixture with imported varieties; Treatment 3 : orchardgrass oriented mixture with domestic varieties, Treatment 4 : tall fescue oriented mixture with domestic varieties). Evaluation of seasonal changes in botanical composition of pasture showed that orchardgrass was the highest in all treatments, ranging from 46 to 89% and Kentucky bluegrass was the second highest in all treatments. Treatment 3 (7,633 kg ha^-1) and Treatment 4 (7,570 kg ha^-1), mixed grasses using domestic varieties, were showed the highest dry matter yield than Treatment 1(6,950 kg ha^-1) and Treatment 2 (6,934 kg ha^-1), which were mixed grasses using introduced varieties. Therefore, these results showed that the orchard grass oriented grasses mixture with domestic varieties was good for grassland vegetation and productivity in oversown hilly pasture, the central northern area of Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.251-255
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out in 2002 to determine the usefulness of Jeju scoria for a component of a growth medium and optimum planting density of 'Dejima' seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in a wick hydroponic system. The minitubers ($7.0{\pm}0.2\;g$) produced in an aeroponics system were planted at five planting densities (3 to 15 tubers/box; 19 to $95\;tubers/m^2$) in polystyrene boxes (51 cm long $\times$ 31 cm wide $\times$ 20 cm high) containing two media (perlite + peatmoss and Jeju scoria + peatmoss 1:2, v/v mixtures). There were no significant interactions between medium and planting density for the growth and tuber yield traits. Shoot growth and the number of tubers per plant were not significantly affected by the media. However, tuber yield was higher in the perlite + peatmoss mixture than in the Jeju scoria + peatmoss mixture. The percentage of underdeveloped plants ranged from 8.3 to 14.7% at four lower planting densities (3 to 12 tubers/ box), and was 25.8% at the highest planting density (15 tubers/box). As planting density was increased from 3 to 15 tubers per box, seed potato (${\geq}5\;g$ tuber) number increased from 101 to 269 and yield from 6.3 to $11.6\;kg/m^2$. These results indicate that the perlite + peatmoss mixture might be more suitable for seed potato production in the wick hydroponic system, and considering the percentage of underdeveloped plants and tuber yield, optimum planting density would be 56 to $76\;tubers/m^2$ in the system depending on availability of seed potatoes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 2004

Seedling mechanization of lettuce is known to be difficult due to the small seed size and the irregular seed shape. The purpose of seed pelleting is to make seedling mechanization possible by enlarging the seed size. After that, it can reduce seedling and thinning labours and can also save seeds. According to the results, there were significant differences on the percent germination and day to 50% final germination in accordance with the pelleting polymer. Among the pelleting polymer, gemination of seeds using polynimyl alcohol (PVA) was generally smooth, and followed by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl cellulose (MC), and wteen 80. The germination rate was also different according to the pelleting particulate matters. Generally, percent germination and speed of seed using the mixture of diatomaceous earth, talc and calcium carbonate were higher and faster than using other polleting materials, respectively. Thus, it should be suitable pelleting particulate matter for the pelleting of lettuce seeds. On the other hands germination of seeds using limestone, calcium oxide and benonite were low. The seed size of lettuce after pelleting was 33 times as large as the raw seed size. During the process of seed pelleting, netrient addition induced the decrement on the germination and the delay of germination speed. Also, there was differences in the germinability of pelleted seeds in accordance with the addition of nutrient sources. MS medium was generally lower than monosodium phosphate in inhibition of seed germination. Germination of pelleted seeds after priming was higher than the seeds without the treatment, and also showed the trend of early germination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 1992

Eight crop residues : 1, sorghum (Sorqhum bicolor) straw, 2, maize (Zea mays) straw, 3, cotton (Gossypium Sp.) straw, 4, sunflower (Helianthus Sp.) straw, 5, cotton (Gossypium Sp.) seed hulls, 6, groundnut (Archais hypogaea) hulls, 7, maize (Zea mays) cobs, 8, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse and two forest grasses 9, Heteropogan contortus dry grass and 10, Sehima nervosum dry grass were subjected to three physical processing 1, chopping (2-3 cm) 2, grinding (8 mm sieve) and 3, pelleting (10 mm die holes). The processed material was fed ad lib. Along with 250 g of concentrate mixture per head per day to 6 adult local goats and 16 adult Nellore rams in ten digestion experiments and finally assessed the nutritive value of the processed roughages by difference method. Grinding increased bulk density by 32.4 (cotton seed hulls, CSH) to 88.1% (Sehima dry grass) while pelleting of ground material increased bulk density by 53.9 (maize cobs) to 235.8% (maize straw). The average particle size ranged from $584.1/^U$ (sorghum straw) to $1467/^U$ (CSH). Modulus of uniformity ranged from 2:5:3 (sorghum straw) to 7:2:1 (CSH) while modulus of fineness ranged from 3.4 (sorghum straw) to 5.4 (CSH). Molasses absorbability was highest with cotton seed hulls and least with maize cobs. Pelleting increased DM intake of the residues except cotton seed hulls compared to grinding. Grinding of chopped material/unprocessed material increased DM intake on sorghum straw and cotton seed hulls. Sheep consumed more DM compared to goats on all the residues except sorghum and sunflower straws. Pelleting increased nutritive value of all the residues compared to grinding and chopping. However, no difference was observed in the nutritive value due to grinding and chopping. Goats performed better compared to sheep in utilizing the fibrous residues.