• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.97-113
• /
• 2014

An actual proof experiment was carried out to establish the production of high quality organic rice at farm household in Gwangjin, Junnam, Korea 2011. Experimental plot was designed with conventional organic cultivation and manual organic cultivation in both Hopeongbyeo and Onnuri varities. Experimental field was consisted with suitable drainage loam soil, anryong series, and normal paddy field. Chemical characteristics of the soil were investigated from initial soil and soil after harvest in experimental sites. Seed disinfection was treated with hot water dipping method at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Rice transplanting was carried out at 17 June with 25 days seedling using machine transplanting. Golden apple snail was used to prevent weed growth as middle size (1.5~1.7 kg/10a) at one week after rice transplanting. Amount of applied fertilizer in experimental plot was supplied with organic fertilizer for the shortage after harvest of hairy vetch (1,100 kg/10a). Bordeaux mixture was used to control of sheath blight and neck blast disease in all experimental plot at 19 Aug. Application of chitin culture solution was treated in manual organic cultivation at 2 and 15 Aug. At late growth stage, incidence rate of neck blast was the highest level at Hopyeongbyeo in conventional organic cultivation. Incidence rate of sheath blight in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was higher in conventional organic cultivation than in manual organic cultivation. Incidence of rice leaf folder was the highest level at Onnuri in conventional organic cultivation. Yield index in manual organic cultivation was increased by 13% and 38% at Onnuri and Hopyeongbyeo, respectively, compared with conventional organic cultivation. Head rice percentage in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was slightly increased in manual organic cultivation. These results indicate that high quality production of rice organic cultivation could be depending on management of safe fertilization with nutrient content in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.197-203
• /
• 1993

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to avaluate strain competition, nodulation, patterns of nodule occupancy and population changes of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ and CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$ in the rhizosphere of peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) under different root temperatures. Inoculated with two strains using seed coating with peat slurry under different root temperatures, population of each strain in the rhizosphere increased with plant growth and multiplication rate of inoculum in the unit weight of root were showed the highest from 10 to 15days after sowing. The multiplication rate of inoculum in the rhizosphere was $28^{\circ}C$>$34^{\circ}C$>$22^{\circ}C$. The density of HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ was more increased than that of CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$ under $22^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$. While the density of two strains showed no difference under $34^{\circ}C$. Inoculated with HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ and CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$, respectively at 22, 28 and $34^{\circ}C$, nodulation of each strain was dominated in its inoculation portion. Inoculated with the mixture of HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ and CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$, occupancy rate of HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ was dominated over that of CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$ at $22^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$, but that was similar between them at $34^{\circ}C$. Dry mass, nodulation, nitrogen content per plant and nitrogenase activity showed higher at $28^{\circ}C$ than at $32^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, while those were higher in HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ and mixing HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ with CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$ than in CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 1985

25 tank-mixed combinations between Haloxyfop-methyl at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 kg ae/ha and Acifluorfen at 0, 0.082, 0.163, 0.245 and 0.326 kg ai/ha were applicated at post-emergence on the late-season cropped soybean(Glycine max) fields predominated by grasses and assessed on the weeding efficacy. A most abundant weed species on the experimented fields were found at September (25 species). The broadleaved weed species and sedges were successively and proportionately emerged by the control rate of grass species. From the mono-treatment of each herbicide, Haloxyfop-methyl was recognized as a highly selective one between grasses and soybean, and Acifluorfen between broadleaf weeds and soybean, respectively. By combined application with both herbicides a synergistic weeding efficacy was detected on total weed species, however antagonistic or additive on each weed groups. Among other traits of soybean, stem dry weight was influenced by weed competitions during October, number of pods per plant during August and seed yields during whole periods. For most effective and reasonable weeding, no less than 0.4 kg ai/ha of each herbicides should be applicated in combinations.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.52
• /
• pp.277-312
• /
• 2018

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz's novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan's egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz's demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring's brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus's child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.100 no.1
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 2011

Distribution types of native conifers (Juniperus chinensis, Pinus parviflora, Tusga sieboldii and Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia) were studied by phytosociological investigation and ZM method in Ulleung Island, South Korea. Two main types were divided maritime vegetation (Juniperus chinensis forest) and mountain vegetation (Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia forest and Pinus parviflora-Tusga sieboldii forest). The former was divided into sea cliff distribution (J-SC) and sea ridge distribution (J-SR) type. The latter was classified 7 distribution types; Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia forest was rock distribution (Ta-R) and mountain slope distribution (Ta-MS) type, and Pinus parviflora-Tusga sieboldii forest was rock distribution (P T-R), upper and ridge distribution (P T-UR, 3 units sub-types:1sub, 2sub, 3sub), and Mountain slope distribution (P T-MS) type. It was considered that J-SC, Ta- R, and P T-R were maintained by topographic climax, but J-SR, Ta-MS, P T-UR and P T-MS were the process of vegetation succession. Distribution types of topographic climax are entrusted to process of vegetation succession. Types in the process of vegetation succession will be needed tending of forest to promote saplings growth and seedlings germination. Especially in order to restore Tsuga sieboldii forest should be afforest and make forest gap because It is mid shade tolerant tree and purity percentage of its seed is 1~2%. It was considered that the composition of group mixture forest constituted Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, Taxus cuspidata, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii and Acer okamotoanum, etc. will be able to restore native vegetation, after take the form of forest gap by strong thinning and pruning of Pinus thunbergii forest.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.601-612
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriate sowing method and mixture seeding rate on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). The experimental design includes two sowing methods and six mixed seeding per each method: BT₁:BP₀ (broadcast seeding; B, Trifolium repens; T, Poa pratensis; P), BT₁:BP₂, BT₁:BP₃, BT₃:BT₁, BT₂:BP₁, BT₀:BP₁ and ST₁:SP₀ (spot seeding; S), ST₁:SP₂, ST₁:SP₃, ST₃:ST₁, ST₂:SP₁, ST₀:SP₁. The germination was the highest for both species when the seeding rate was higher than other species. In overall, the germination of white clover was higher and faster than Kentucky bluegrass. Two plots, BT₂:BP₁, ST₁:ST₂, were retained the balanced proportion of the germination rate. Therefore, It was suggested, for maintaining the balanced field, it is better to seed white clover twice Kentucky bluegrass on broadcast seeding and Kentucky bluegrass twice white clover on spot seeding. In regard of sowing method, broadcast seeding is better than spot seeding in terms of increasing the germination. It is necessary to supplement the result for real application by long-term monitoring.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses and to evaluate the effect of pastures mixed with tall and short type grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. Treatments of this study were consisted of four groups and the short type grass used in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 was mainly bermudagrass. Four treatment groups were follow as; Treatment 1 (bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). Bermudagrass was a little winter killing and inhibition of plant growth at an altitude of 400 m. Plant heights in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 were grown better than that in pastures mixed with C1. Especially, plant height in Treatment 4 was higher than other treatments. Dry matter yield was in the following order: Treatment 4> Treatment 3> Treatment 2> Treatment 1. Dry matter yield in pastures mixed with C1 increased as compared with pastures mixed with C1 and C2. Dry matter yield in Treatment 3 was higher than other treatments. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 11.7 and 13.3%, respectively. The growth of bermudagrass in winter was low due to the cold damage. However the growth of Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, tall fescue and orchardgrass was good. In the second investigation, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 5.0 and 11.7%, respectively. Growth of forage in the second investigation was poor as compared to the first investigation. nutritive values(crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility) were good in pastures mixed with C1 Especially, nutritive values in pastures mixed with tall was higher than those of pastures mixed short grasses. P content among minerals in Treatment 1 was higher than other groups. However, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn were lower. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 2 were higher. However, the contents of K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 3 were lower. Therefore, we suggest that cool season grasses with short grasses were sowed to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island.